Application of glycine, folic acid, and moringa extract as bio-stimulants for enhancing the production of ‘Flame Seedless’ grape cultivar

Mosa, W. F. A., Salem, M. Z. M., Al-Huqail, A. A., and Ali, H. M. (2021). "Application of glycine, folic acid, and moringa extract as bio-stimulants for enhancing the production of ‘Flame Seedless’ grape cultivar," BioResources 16(2), 3391-3410.

Abstract

In this study, 130 uniform ‘Flame Seedless’ grape trees were selected for and subjected to the same cultural practices. The trees were sprayed three times, before flowering, during full bloom, and three weeks later with the following treatments: control (water only), 250, 500, and 750 ppm glycine; 50, 100, and 150 ppm folic acid (FA); 2%, 4%, and 6% leaf moringa aqueous extract (MLAE); and their combinations. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of moringa leaf aqueous extract (MLAE) showed the presence of the phenolic compounds ellagic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, catechol, and gallic acid with values of 54.18, 18.79, 14, 12.32, and 12.12 mg/100 g, respectively. The obtained results showed that the foliar spraying of 250, 500, and 750 ppm glycine, 4% and 6% MLAE, and their combinations of glycine 500 ppm + FA 100 ppm + MLAE 4% and glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6% significantly increased the shoot length, shoot thickness, leaf chlorophyll content, yield, and fruit quality over the control. Glycine at 750 ppm was the best treatment followed by glycine at 500 ppm compared with the other applied treatments and the control in both experimental seasons.

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Application of Glycine, Folic Acid, and Moringa Extract as Bio-stimulants for Enhancing the Production of ‘Flame Seedless’ Grape Cultivar

Walid F. A. Mosa,^a,* Mohamed Z. M. Salem,^b,** Asma A. Al-Huqail,^c,*** and Hayssam M. Ali ^c

Keywords: Moringa extract; Glycine; Folic acid; Grape; Fruit quality

Contact information: a: Plant Production Department (Horticulture- Pomology), Faculty of Agriculture, Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21531 Egypt; b: Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545 Egypt; c: Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development and Vegetation Cover, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;

Corresp. authors: *walidbreeder@yahoo.com; **zidan_forest@yahoo.com; ***aalhuqail@ksu.edu.sa

INTRODUCTION

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is a member of the Vitaceae family. In Egypt, the harvested area is 78853 ha, which produces 1759472 tons. It was stated by many authors that berries of grape have been utilized as table fruit, juice, and for the production of wine, and raisins, as well as in the industries of cosmetic from leaf, seed, and skin extracts (Iriti and Faoro 2006; Monagas et al. 2006). Moreover, grape skin, pulp, and seeds could be used to produce wine, terpenes, and norisoprenoids, as well as sugars, which could be converted to alcohol (Lund and Bohlmann 2006). It was reported by (Ruberto et al. 2007; Hogan et al. 2010; Drosou et al. 2015) that grapes are characterized by the high content of phenolic compounds, which are a valuable source of natural antioxidants. Grapes are a crucial exporter to potassium and manganese (Torres-Urrutia et al. 2011), rich in short-chain carbohydrates (Gibson and Shepherd 2012; Gibson 2017), and vitamin C (Moores 2013; Carr and Maggini 2017), which is important for immunology.

Glycine is an amino acid that has a crucial role in improving total chlorophyll and vegetative growth in grapes, as well as in increasing the availability of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu to the plants (Sekhon 2003; Liu et al. 2011; Ghasemi et al. 2013; Shan et al. 2016; Razavi et al. 2018). L-glycine works as a signal transduction molecule that contributes to making plant nutrients readily available (Teixeira et al. 2017). The plant height, leaf chlorophyll content, and fresh weight of the shoot and root of Coriandrum sativum were significantly improved by the application of glycine, especially at higher concentrations (Souri and Hatamian 2019). In addition, the application of glycine increased the total soluble solid and vitamin C contents compared with that in the controls. In comparison with the unfertilized plants, the leaf mineral contents of N, Ca, K, P, Fe, and Zn were significantly increased by the application of glycine (Jiang et al. 2020; Lo’ay and Doaa 2020).

Folic acid (FA) has a fundamental role in the metabolism of amino acids and in nucleic acids synthesis (Paucean et al. 2018). Moreover, FA was found to increase the productivity of Pisum sativum by affecting the leaf content of chlorophyll, as well as the yield, weight, and quality of the seed (Burguieres et al. 2007). Foliar spraying of sweet pepper plants with FA increased flowering, yield, and fruit quality (Al-Said and Kamal 2008). Additionally, exogenous FA showed a positive effect on the growth, yield, and quality of soybean and strawberry plants (Mansour 2014; Li et al. 2015). Spraying of FA at 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L on Luz de otono bean cultivar was investigated by Al-Maliky et al. (2019). The obtained results showed that spraying FA raised the height of plant, number of branches, leaf area, and shoot dry weight, as well as length, number and green weight of pods as compared to control. Moreover, 100 seeds weight, the production of green pods, and fresh seeds, the percentage of TSS, and dry matter, as well as protein and vitamin C and the concentration of 30 mg/L was the best concentration. Spraying FA at 150 µM/L under lack of water levels raised significantly plant growth, efficacy of water use, firmness of cell membrane, yield, total soluble solids, and protein content in snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Ibrahim et al. 2021).

Moringa oleifera contains around forty sex antioxidants such as ascorbate, carotenoids, phenols, and flavonoid (Iqbal and Bhanger 2006). Moringa leaf aqueous extract (MLAE) can be used as a bio-stimulant and contains macro- and micronutrients, amino acids, ascorbic acids, minerals, and growth-enhancing principles such as the hormone of the cytokinin type (Makkar et al. 2007). In addition, the growth hormone spray will cause the plants to be firmer and more resistant to pest and diseases. Moreover, M. oleifera is one of the best crop treatments with confirmed impacts on growth and yield, and it can be used by farmers as a source for nutrients instead of relying on inorganic fertilizers, which are costly and are associated with both land and soil degradation and environmental pollution (Phiri 2010). Additionally, M. oleifera is standardized to contain flavonoid, phenolic, and carotenoid, which can be used as antioxidants, one of them being quercetin (Alhakmani et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2017). Abbassy et al. (2020) reported that M. oleifera leaf extract is rich in prime metabolic compounds such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and amino acids. Moringa provides products that improve the growth and yield of various crops (Mohamed et al. 2020). Hollywood plum trees sprayed with 6% MLAE had an improved fruit set, fruit yield, fruit weight, firmness, color, total soluble solids, vitamin C, and the content of anthocyanin in the plum cultivar Hollywood, while they had reduced fruit drop compared to the use of 0%, 4%, or 5% MLAE (Shaaban et al. 2020).

Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of the foliar application of glycine (amino acid), folic acid, and MLAE as natural biostimulants to vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality of the grape cv. ‘Flame Seedless’ to minimize the dependency on the chemical fertilization in grape orchards.

EXPERIMENTAL

Preparation of MLAE and HPLC Analysis of Phytochemical

Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves were obtained from Alexandria, Egypt and were shade-dried. The dried leaves were ground to powder using a small laboratory mill. Then, 100 g of the powdered leaves (200 g) were soaked in 2 L of distilled water for 24 h at room temperature (Mohamed et al. 2020). The mixture was filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The dissolved MLAE was concentrated by evaporation, then prepared at the concentrations 2%, 4%, and 6%. An Agilent 1260 Infinity 1260 II LC, System (HPLC Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) was equipped with a Quaternary pump and a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and operated at 30 °C; it was used to identify the phytochemical compounds in the MLAE. Separation conditions and standard phenolic compounds can be found in previously published works (Al-Huqail et al. 2019; Behiry et al. 2019; Salem et al. 2019; Ashmawy et al. 2020; Salem et al. 2020).

Experimental Location and Treatments

This experiment was carried out during two successive seasons, in 2018 and 2019, on 10-year-old ‘Flame Seedless’ grape trees (V. vinifera L.), planted with 3 m between rows and 2 m between trees in the same row, and grown in a calcareous soil under a drip irrigation system in a private orchard located at Nubaria, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Physiochemical analysis of the experimental soil was performed (Table 1) (Sparks et al. 2020).

A total of 130 uniform trees were selected for this study, and all of them were subjected to the same cultural practices in the two seasons. They were sprayed with the experimental treatments three times in each season: before flowering, during full bloom, and three weeks later (Table 2). These applied treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design where each treatment was composed of 10 replicates.

Measurement of Vegetative Parameters, Leaf Total Chlorophyll, Fruit Yield, Fruit Quality and Leaf Chemical Composition

Shoot length and thickness (cm) were measured at the end of each growing season. Total chlorophyll in the fresh leaves was determined with SPAD units as evaluated by a chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502; Konica Minolta, Osaka, Japan). The number of clusters per each vine and weight of each cluster was measured and recorded. The yield of vine (kg) was determined by the weight of clusters per vine multiplied by the number of clusters per vine. Yield in tons per hectare was estimated by multiplying yield of vine × number of vines per hectare.

For the leaf chemical composition, samples of 30 leaves were taken from the middle of the shoots and were randomly selected from each replicate after the harvest time in June to determine their content in terms of percentages of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) (Arrobas et al. 2018). The leaf samples were washed first with tap water and then with distilled water and dried at 70 °C until a constant weight was obtained. Finally, the dried leaf samples were ground and acid digested using H₂SO₄ and H₂O₂ until the digested solution became clear. The digested solution was used for the determination of nitrogen using the micro-Kjeldahl method (Wang et al. 2016), phosphorus by the vanadomolybdate method (Weiwei et al. 2017), and potassium using a flame photometer (Banerjee and Prasad 2020).

Measuring of Fruit Quality in terms of Physical, and Chemical Characteristics

At the time of harvesting, 10 clusters from each vine/replicate were chosen randomly to determine their physical and chemical characteristics; cluster weight (g), size (cm³), length (cm), and width (cm). In addition, 100 berries were selected from all the chosen clusters of each vine to measure their weight (g), size (cm³), juice (%), berry weight (g), length (mm), and width (mm). Fruit firmness (lb/in²) using a Magness-Taylor pressure tester (mod. FT 02 (0-2 Lb., Via Reale, 63 – 48011 Alfonsine, Italy) with a 1/16-in plunger. Total soluble solids (TSS) were determined using a hand-held refractometer (ATAGO N-2E Brix 28-62 % made in Japan) and the results were expressed as percentages (%). The percentage of titratable acidity in the fruit juice of 100 berries was determined using the method described by Turner et al. (2011). Total sugars were determined calorimetrically using Nelson arsenate-molybdate colorimetric method (Nielsen 2010). Anthocyanin was determined at the stage of coloration (mg/100 g fresh weight peel) (Nangle et al. 2015).

Statistical Analysis

The obtained data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (Ott and Longnecker 2015). A least significant difference at 0.05% was used to compare the means of the treatments and measured with CoHort Software (Pacific Grove, CA, USA).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

HPLC Analysis of Polyphenols of MLAE

Figure 1 shows the separation chromatograms of the identified chemical compounds in MLAE. Table 3 shows that ellagic acid (54.18), vanillic acid (18.79), p-hydroxy benzoic acid (14), catechol (12.32), and gallic acid (12.12) were the main identified phenolic compounds.

Fig. 1. HPLC chromatogram of phenolic compounds and caffeine identified in MLAE

Vegetative Parameters

Table 4 shows that the shoot length significantly increased as a consequence of the foliar spraying with glycine at 750 ppm, which gave the highest increment compared to the control in both seasons. In addition, it was enhanced by the foliar spraying of glycine at 250 and 500 ppm, MLAE at 4 and 6% and with the combinations of glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + 6% MLAE and glycine 500 ppm + FA 100 ppm + MLAE 4% in the two seasons as compared with the control. Compared with the control in both seasons, the shoot thickness was significantly enhanced by the applications of glycine at 250, 500, and 750 ppm, MLAE at 2%, 4%, and 6%, and FA at 50, 100, and 150 ppm. Additionally, it improved with the combinations of glycine 250 ppm + FA 50 ppm + 2% MLAE, glycine 500 ppm + FA 100 ppm + MLAE 4%, and glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6%. The total chlorophyll content in the leaves was greatly improved by the spraying with glycine at 250, 500, and 750 ppm, with MLAE at 2, 4, and 6%, and with FA at 100 and 150 ppm. In addition, it was raised with the combinations of glycine 250 ppm + FA 50 ppm + MLAE 2%, glycine 500 ppm + FA 100 ppm + 4% MLAE, and glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + 6% MLAE to a higher extent than the control in both experimental seasons. The best results were obtained by the foliar spraying of glycine at 750 ppm over the other applied treatments or the control in the two seasons.

Fruit Yield

Table 5 demonstrates that the foliar spraying with glycine at 250, 500, and 750 ppm, FA at 50, 100, and 150 ppm, and MLAE at 2, 4, and 6% significantly increased the clusters number, cluster weight, yield per vine (kg) and yield in ton per hectare comparing with the control in the two seasons. Moreover, they also were statistically raised by the foliar application of glycine 250 ppm + FA 50 ppm + MLAE 2%, glycine 500 ppm + FA 100 ppm + MLAE 4%, and glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6% combinations over the control. The highest increment and the best results were obtained by the foliar spraying of glycine, especially at 750 and 500 ppm, respectively, compared with the other applied treatments and the control in both experimental seasons.

Fruit Physical and Chemical Characteristics

Table 6 shows that the size, length, and width of the clusters had greatly increased by spraying glycine at 250, 500, and 750 ppm and by the combination of glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6% compared with the control and the other applied treatments in both seasons. The application of glycine at 750 ppm was superior and gave the best results in the two seasons rather than the other applied treatments.

Table 7 demonstrates that weight and size of 100 berries and berry length and width were greatly improved by foliar spraying with glycine at 250, 500, and 750 ppm, MLAE at 4 and 6%, the combinations of glycine 500 ppm + FA 100 ppm + MLAE 4% and glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6% compared with that of the control. The highest obvious effect was obtained by the spraying of glycine at 750 followed by 500 ppm comparing with the other applied treatments, in both experimental seasons.

Table 8 demonstrates that the foliar spraying with glycine at 250, 500, and 750 ppm and with MLAE at 4 and 6% produced increases in the juice percentage and anthocyanin concentration as compared with the control in both seasons. In addition, these parameters were significantly enhanced by spraying with glycine 500 ppm + FA 100 ppm + MLAE 4% and with glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6% compared with the other applied treatments and the control in the two experimental seasons. The percentages of TSS and total sugars were remarkably improved by foliar spraying with glycine at 250, 500, and 750 ppm, with MLAE at 2, 4 and 6%, and by the combinations of glycine 500 ppm + FA 100 + MLAE 4% and glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6%. However, these treatments decreased the percentage of fruit acidity in both seasons compared with the other applied treatments and control.

Leaf Chemical Composition

Table 9 shows that the leaf composition of N, P, and K, was remarkably increased by spraying glycine at 500 and 750 ppm, MLAE at 4 and 6% comparing with control or the rest treatments in the two seasons. In addition, the highest leaf content from N, P, and K was correlated by spraying the combinations of glycine 500 ppm + FA 100 ppm + MLAE 4% and glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6%.

The data obtained shows that the foliar spraying with glycine at 250, 500, and 750 ppm had an effective role in improving the vegetative growth parameters, yield, and fruit quality characteristics of ‘Flame Seedless’ grape cultivar. These results were previously explained by Sekhon (2003) and Souri (2016). They reported that glycine amino acid is the smallest amino acid and can produce chelates for different ions of elements and products. The stimulatory effect of glycine amino acid increases under the conditions of stress such as salinity and water stress (Rai 2002; Cerdán et al. 2013; Sadak et al. 2015; Souri et al. 2018). Besides, the application of glycine increased TSS and vitamin C compared with the control (Sekhon 2003; Liu et al. 2011; Shan et al. 2016; Razavi et al. 2018; Mohammadipour and Souri 2019). Moreover, they found that leaf nutrient concentrations of N, Ca, K, P, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn, were significantly increased by soil application of glycine compared with the unfertilized control plants. Glycine amino acids can play a crucial role in raising the stability of cell membrane and its protection from peroxidation through the growth of plant under the stresses conditions (Keutgen and Pawelzik 2008; Zobiole et al. 2012; Rizwan et al. 2017; Teixeira et al. 2017). It was mentioned by many authors that the transfer of nutrients in tissues of plants is related greatly to the glycine concentration and status (Marschner 2011; Souri 2016). In addition, glycine has a crucial role in the total chlorophyll, forming vegetative growth, and in increasing the availability of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu to plants (Ghasemi et al. 2013). The application of nitrogen reduced compounds such glycine amino acid raised the chlorophyll content in the leaves (Fahimi et al. 2016; Souri et al. 2017). Parameters of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) plant growth, plant height, leaf SPAD value, and shoot and root fresh weights were significantly improved by applying glycine, particularly at high concentrations (Souri and Hatamian 2019). Additionally, the same authors reported that, because of the simple process for glycine synthesis, it could be combined with the nutrients producing chelates to increase the absorption of the elements and transfer them into the plants. Spraying glycine amino acids on apple trees (Malus domestica L. Borkh) cv. ‘Anna’ at 25, 50, and 100 ppm improved shoot length, shoot diameter, total chlorophyll, yield, fruit weight, size, length, diameter, TSS, total sugars, anthocyanin, and leaf composition from macro and micronutrients, while it reduced the total acidity and fruit drop percentage. Moreover, they noticed that the effect of 50 and 100 ppm was higher than 25 ppm (Mosa et al. 2021).

The results of this study show that the foliar spraying of folic acid (FA) had a good effect on the vegetative growth parameters, yield, and fruit quality of grape cv. ‘Flame Seedless’, especially when it was applied at 150 ppm. These results were in harmony with the previous findings of Stakhova et al. (2000). They stated that foliar spraying of FA enhanced the photosynthetic rate in the leaves, seed weight, and yield of peas (Pisum sativum L.). FA at 50 μm raised the yield, leaf mineral content, seed weight, and quality of the seed and leaf chlorophyll rate (Burguieres et al. 2007). Moreover, Kim (2007) demonstrated that folate plays an important role in the synthesis and repetition of DNA by arranging the transporting carbon unites, which participates in purines and thymidylate synthesis. In the same trend, Fardet et al. (2008) found that FA has a positive influence in increasing the vegetative growth, yield, and fruit quality in many plant species because they can catch the free radicals and active oxygen, which are produced during the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. It was noticed by many authors that folates are an important factor in helping the transferring of carbon as donors and acceptors, which can engage in purines, pyrimidines, and amino acids synthesis (Dhonukshe-Rutten et al. 2009; Blancquaert et al. 2010). Treating flax plants with FA greatly increases the parameters of growth, photosynthetic rate, number of flowers, maturity index, yield, and quality of fiber and seeds (Emam et al. 2011). In Pisum sativum L. cv. ‘Master-B’, Farouk and Abdul Qados (2018) found that spraying FA at 20 mg/L significantly increased the height of plant, weight of shoot and dry shoots, area of plant leaf, pigments of photosynthesis, yield, and fruit quality.

The results show that MLAE plays an important role in improving the vegetative growth, yield, fruit quality, and leaf composition from N, P, and K (%) compared with the control. These results are in parallel with the findings of other studies of (Dillard and German 2000; Siddhuraju and Becker 2003; Aslam et al. 2005). They mentioned that moringa leaf extracts have good quantities from β-carotene, protein, vitamin C, Ca, K Mg, K, Mn, P, Zn, Na, Cu, and Fe, as well as natural antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, quercetin, zeatin, kaempferol, β-sitosterol, caffeoylquinic acid, and carotenoids. MLAE increases the content of proline, malondialdehyde, total soluble proteins, and total chlorophyll in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves (Aslam et al. 2005) and yield, fruit quality, juice percentage, and TSS (%) while it decreases the value of nitrite, including nitrate in the fruit juice of orange trees (Citrus sinensis) (El-Enien et al. 2015). Additionally, Ndong et al. (2007) found that the leaves are a potent source of polyphenols, including quercetin-3-glycoside, rutin, kaempferol, and glycosides. MLAE has increased the growth and yield of a range of plant species such as cereals (Phiri 2010), maize (Basra et al. 2011), and wheat (Sarmin 2014). Culver et al. (2012) reported that MLAE contains relatively high concentrations of the cytokinin, Zeatin so, tomato leaves’ fresh and dry weights were enhanced significantly when MLAE is applied at high rates. Spraying MLAE stimulated the leaf mineral contents from N, P, and K, leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length and shoot diameter, yield, as well as physical and chemical characteristics of fruits of Le Conte pear (Abd El-Hamied and El-Amary 2015). Furthermore, MLAE significantly enhanced vegetative growth parameters, total leaf chlorophyll content, and the leaf mineral composition of N, P, and K of pomegranate cv. ‘Manfalouti’ (Kamel 2015) and grape cv. ‘Flame Seedless’ (Vitis vinifera L.) (Bassiony and Ibrahim 2016), as well as fruit quality, color, soluble solids content, vitamin C, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity of plum cv. ‘Hollywood’ (Mahmoud et al. 2017). Leone et al. (2015) stated that phenolic acids, carotenoids vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids, isothiocyanates, alkaloids, glucosinolates, tannins, and saponins exist in moringa leaves with high levels. MLAE has been demonstrated to enhance the production of ornamental and medicinal plants as it was used as an agent for biostimulation. Because of the high micro and macronutrient elements of MLAE, it has a simulative effect on plant growth and plays an important role in photosynthesis and carbohydrate synthesis, which are metabolic processes (Sakr et al. 2018). This might be due to the significant contribution of nitrogen present in MLAE, which caused cell division, cell enlargement, and the overall plant growth (Kanchani and Harris 2019). Mohamed et al. (2020) reported that the application of MLAE on Origanum majorana improved its vegetative growth characteristics and the production of oil.

From the above-discussed results, it could be noticed that the foliar spraying of glycine played an essential role in improving attributes of vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of grape cv. ‘Flame Seedless’ compared to the control or the rest of the treatments in the two experimental seasons. The positive effect of glycine was increased in parallel by increasing its concentration, where 750 ppm gave better results rather than 250 or 500 ppm during the two seasons of the study.

CONCLUSIONS

Shoot length, thickness, and leaf total chlorophyll were significantly increased by foliar spraying with glycine at 500 and 750 ppm and with the combination of glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6%, which gave the highest increments in the two seasons compared with the control and the other applied treatments.
Spraying glycine with 500 and 750 ppm were the best treatments in enhancing the clusters number and weight (kg), thus giving the best yield in kg per vine or in ton per hectare when compared with the control or the other applied treatments.
The best results for TSS (%), total sugars, juice (%), and anthocyanin were obtained by the foliar application of glycine at 500 and 750 ppm and by the combination of glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6% as well as glycine 500 ppm + FA 100 ppm + MLAE 4% when compared with the control and the other applied treatments.
The leaf chemical composition of N, P, and K was greatly increased by the foliar spray of glycine 750 ppm + FA 150 ppm + MLAE 6%, which was the superior combination compared with the control and the other applied treatments.
In general, the best results were obtained by the foliar spraying of glycine at 750 ppm followed by 500 ppm over all the applied treatments and the control.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are grateful to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, for funding through the Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs.

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Article submitted: January 18, 2021; Peer review completed: March 6, 2021; Revised version received: March 12, 2021; Accepted: March 14, 2021; Published: March 22, 2021.

DOI: 10.15376/biores.16.2.3391-3410