Volume 21 Issue 3

Wood is a renewable material, and advancements in machinery have made it possible to produce wood-based products in large quantities. This has led to environmental problems, which in turn have increased consumers’ environmental concern. This concern has caused consumers to prefer environmental-friendly products. Alongside green products and green marketing, greenwashing practices, which are not actually green but exploit consumer sensitivity, have also become widespread. These deceptive claims confuse consumers and provide an unfair competitive advantage against genuinely environmentally friendly products. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) windows, which can be used as a substitute for wood windows, were chosen as a research focus, and the greenwashing practices of enterprises manufacturing PVC window were investigated. The research was conducted using deductive content analysis. The corporate websites of the enterprises were examined in terms of greenwashing. Artificial intelligence was used, but identified greenwashing types were checked by the researcher. The study found that PVC window manufacturers most frequently resorted to greenwashing involving no proof, vagueness, and hidden trade-off approaches. Greenwashing types were also examined by topics, revealing that “general environmental benefits” is the most common type.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) composite films incorporated with glycerol and citric acid were examined for development of biodegradable films with improved water resistance properties. Addition of citric acid at 30% effectively reduced water solubility of the film. To prepare functional active packaging films for storage of perishable products, the role of activated carbon (AC) at different percentages was also investigated. Various physical, mechanical, thermal, and functional properties of these films were then characterized. The study found that the inclusion of AC at 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75% did not affect the tensile strength (TS), elongation at break, and thermal properties, resulting in stronger films. Fourier transform infrared analysis suggested intermolecular interactions within the polymer matrix after incorporation of citric acid and activated carbon. The antimicrobial activity test revealed no inhibition zone; however, there was no noticeable increase or spread of bacteria during the testing period.

Epoxy composites were reinforced with alkali (NaOH)–treated pat (jute) fibers, untreated agave fibers, and coir dust to improve mechanical and moisture resistance properties. Alkali treatment was applied to the pat fibers. Ten formulations (PA1–PA10) were fabricated by varying fiber proportions and evaluated for tensile, flexural, impact, hardness, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), density, water absorption, and thickness swelling. Mechanical performance strongly depended on fiber composition and interfacial bonding. Tensile strength increased from 22 MPa (neat epoxy, PA10) to 44 MPa (PA3), while flexural strength ranged from 25 to 52 MPa, with PA3 showing superior performance. The highest impact strength (0.40 J), hardness (84 Shore D), and ILSS (9 MPa) were also observed for PA3, indicating efficient stress transfer. Moisture analysis showed minimum water absorption (10%) and thickness swelling (2.3%) for PA3. Density ranged between 1.20 and 1.36 g/cm³, suggesting that performance was governed mainly by interfacial interaction. Overall, PA3 (15% treated pat and 15% agave fiber) demonstrated the best balance of strength and environmental resistance. That formulation demonstrated the most balanced combination of mechanical strength, interlaminar integrity, and environmental resistance, highlighting the effectiveness of fiber reinforcement with coir dust for green epoxy composites.

Trough composting is a highly efficient technology for treating livestock manure and converting it into valuable resources. The flow field in the aeration pipes and the flow field within the compost pile are critical factors affecting trough composting. Due to the large size of compost piles and the harsh internal environment, it is difficult to quantify the flow field distribution within the pipes and the compost piles. This study established a three-dimensional fluid model of the bottom pipeline and the compost pile within a 90 m³ trough composting system. The perforation spacing of the bottom pipe was optimized by gradually reducing the spaces between openings. Effect of optimized perforation spacing on flow velocity within the pipe and the compost pile were optimized. The results indicated that a gradually changed perforation structure can enhance both the magnitude and uniformity of flow velocity distribution within the pipeline and the compost pile. Field trials of trough composting at an engineering scale revealed that the average relative error between actual measured wind speeds over the compost pile and simulated values remained within 10%. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for the engineering construction of aeration systems in trough composting.

Biochar exhibits application potential for treating wastes and reducing carbon emissions, thereby improving efficiency in the petrochemical industry. Application prospects are particularly prominent in the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil and carbon dioxide capture. Specific surface area of biochar serves as a key parameter governing its environmental application performance. However, complexity of biomass precursors and pyrolysis processes poses significant challenges to targeted design and prediction of biochar specific surface area via conventional experimental approaches. In this work four models were constructed and compared. The Random Forest model exhibited the best generalization ability, with a coefficient of determination of 0.79 and a root mean square error of 57.88 on the test set, thus being identified as the optimal prediction model. Pyrolysis process parameters were more dominant than elemental composition of biochar, and pyrolysis temperature was the most critical feature. Recommended pyrolysis parameters include temperatures above 700 °C and time exceeding 3 h, while elemental composition of biochar should favor a chemical composition with high carbon content (>40%) and high nitrogen content (>3%). These findings significantly reduce trial-and-error costs and accelerate the targeted development of biochar-based environmental materials, thereby advancing the practical application of biochar in pollution control and climate change mitigation.

Salinity stress, a major abiotic factor, poses a threat to crops. Thus, strategies to mitigate adverse effects on crops are warranted. This study analyzed the effects of the red seaweed Gelidium robustum extract on tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) subjected to salt stress. The composition of seaweed was analyzed by analytical methods, showing that it consists of protein, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycine betaine, elements, tannins, proline, and growth hormones. The tomato plants were cultivated under salinity stress (2 to10 dS/m) and treated with seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) at various concentrations (2.5% to 10%). The tomato plants treated with SLF presented significant growth-promoting activity. Morphological analysis revealed improved shoot, root, and leaf growth. Compared with no treatment, SLF increased the total protein and fat contents in tomato leaves. Similarly, treatment of tomato plants with SLF improved their flavonoid and phenolic compound contents and antioxidant activity. SLF altered the biochemical profile, alleviated stress, and enhanced defenses. Overall, SLFs have the potential to mitigate salinity stress in tomato plants due to the antioxidant defense, and the application of red seaweed is useful for improving agriculture in salt-contaminated agricultural soils.

This study presents an integrated method combining Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) to distinguish genuine and artificial wood grains. The approach is based on acquiring nine-dimensional gloss data measured under varying angles and texture orientations, along with two surface roughness parameters: the arithmetic mean height (S_a) and maximum peak height (S_z). The dataset was divided into training and testing sets with a ratio of 7:3 after standardized. PCA was applied to the training set to extract the top k principal components. Then, these components served as input features for training an SVM classifier, whose discriminative performance was evaluated on the test set. Experimental results indicated that the proposed method achieved an accuracy of 96.76%, an F1-score of 0.9761, and a Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.9285, substantially outperforming comparative models including standalone SVM, Logistic Regression (LR), Partial Least Squares (PLS), and Principal Component Regression (PCR). The method demonstrated high efficiency and robustness in distinguishing wood grain types, suggesting strong potential in practical engineering applications such as quality control and material authentication.

This work examines the uptake of Eosin Yellow (EY), an anionic dye, from aqueous solution using native maize (Zea mays) husk (MH) as a biosorbent. The biomass was characterized using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing a mesoporous structure and the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, and aromatic functional groups. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to assess the effects of contact time, pH, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dosage. Maximum removal efficiency of 90.3% was attained at 1.5 g adsorbent dosage, pH 2, and 60-min contact time. The Langmuir isotherm best described the equilibrium data (R² = 0.957), with a maximum adsorption capacity of 44.5 mg g⁻¹. Kinetic data were adequately described by multiple empirical models, suggesting complex uptake behavior; however, no single rate-controlling mechanism was definitively established. Information from thermodynamic constants (ΔG° < 0, ΔH° = 21.0 kJ mol⁻¹, ΔS° = 9.25 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹) signify that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic, with features consistent with physisorption. Regeneration investigations revealed that the adsorbent retained appreciable performance over multiple cycles. These results revealed that maize husk is a promising biosorbent for dye removal under controlled laboratory conditions, although further studies are required to assess its performance in complex wastewater systems and at larger scales.

Seaweeds are natural resources with antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The major objective of this study was to detect the antibacterial and antioxidant potential and bactericidal activity of chicken fillets during storage. The ethanol extract of Gracilaria gracilis had the maximum antibacterial activity, with zones of inhibition of 19 ± 2 mm and18 ± 2 mm against Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 and Salmonella enterica ATCC 13311, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the G. gracilis extract ranged from 25 ± 1.25 to 75 ± 5 µg/mL, and this extract was effective against B. cereus. The polyphenol and flavonoid contents were greatest (0.29 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g DW and 37.2 ± 1.8 mg QE/g, respectively) in the G. gracilis extract. G. gracilis extract exhibited a maximum DPPH scavenging potential of 58.4 ± 2.4% inhibition. The chicken fillets were experimentally inoculated with S. enterica and B. cereus and treated with equal proportions of all three seaweeds (G. gracilis, G. latifolium, and H. dilatata extracts) at various concentrations (0 to 8%). The findings revealed that seaweed extracts had antibactericidal effects on chicken fillets stored at 4 °C, reduced the growth of S. enterica and B. cereus, and improved the sensory properties of chicken fillets.

Woody plants represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds for medicine. In this study, Carpinus cordata wood was extracted with different solvents. The extracts were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), and thermal desorption – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The results revealed a diverse array of compounds, including aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. These chemical constituents demonstrate significant potential as feedstocks for bio-oils and novel biomaterials in industrial and agricultural sectors. Furthermore, specific bioactive molecules with potential anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-HIV properties were identified, underlining their promise for pharmaceutical and biomedical agents. Live/dead staining results of ethanol extracts of C. cordata wood exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K-562, indicating the presence of potent anti-cancer constituents. Overall, the multifaceted potential of C. cordata wood was shown to be a source of both bioactive extracts for medicine and valuable chemicals through thermochemical conversion.