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Wahyuningtyas, I., Rahayu, I., Maddu, A., and Prihatini, E. (2022). "Magnetic properties of wood treated with nano-magnetite and furfuryl alcohol impregnation," BioResources 17(4), 6496-6510.

Abstract

The impregnation of jabon wood (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) with a magnetic compound can increase the quality of the wood. In this study, magnetic woods were made using the ex situ impregnation of jabon woods with nano-magnetite (Fe3O4). The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of jabon magnetic wood. Two other impregnation solutions were also used in this study: (1) water (untreated) and (2) furfuryl alcohol plus nano-magnetite. The physical properties of magnetic jabon wood were improved compared with untreated wood, as shown by the results of the characterization tests. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed nano-magnetite in the micropores of magnetic jabon wood. The results of the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed chemical bonding between the wood polymer and the furan ring and Fe-O functional groups. The X-ray diffraction results showed a decrease in the degree of crystallinity as the concentration of nano-magnetite increased. The magnetic properties were tested via vibrating-sample magnetometry and the FA-Fe3O4-treated wood showed the highest magnetization.


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Magnetic Properties of Wood Treated with Nano-magnetite and Furfuryl Alcohol Impregnation

Irma Wahyuningtyas,a Istie Rahayu,a,* Akhiruddin Maddu,b and Esti Prihatini a

The impregnation of jabon wood (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) with a magnetic compound can increase the quality of the wood. In this study, magnetic woods were made using the ex situ impregnation of jabon woods with nano-magnetite (Fe3O4). The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of jabon magnetic wood. Two other impregnation solutions were also used in this study: (1) water (untreated) and (2) furfuryl alcohol plus nano-magnetite. The physical properties of magnetic jabon wood were improved compared with untreated wood, as shown by the results of the characterization tests. Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed nano-magnetite in the micropores of magnetic jabon wood. The results of the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed chemical bonding between the wood polymer and the furan ring and Fe-O functional groups. The X-ray diffraction results showed a decrease in the degree of crystallinity as the concentration of nano-magnetite increased. The magnetic properties were tested via vibrating-sample magnetometry and the FA-Fe3O4-treated wood showed the highest magnetization.

DOI: 10.15376/biores.17.4.6496-6510

Keywords: Fast-growing wood; Furfuryl alcohol; Magnetic wood; Nano-magnetite; Nanoparticles

Contact information: a: Department of Forest Products, IPB University; b: Department of Physics, IPB University, Bogor 16680 Indonesia; *Corresponding author: istiesr@apps.ipb.ac.id

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) is a fast-growing wood species that is harvested at an age of 4 to 5 years. Because of its rapid growth, this tree has a high juvenile wood content, resulting in low-rated physical and mechanical properties (Krisnawati et al. 2011; Rahayu et al. 2014). Consequently, this wood is only used as raw material for light construction, plywood, wood flooring, etc. (Prihatini et al. 2020). An innovation that could expand the function of jabon wood is to make it magnetic and impart good physical properties.

Magnetic wood that is used for furniture or building construction can absorb electromagnetic wave radiation from electronic devices (Oka et al. 2009; Oka et al. 2012). Wood can be made magnetic by both in situ and ex situ methods. The in situ method was successfully carried out by Dong et al. (2016) through a chemical coprecipitation process within the wood, using a precursor of Fe3O4 (nano-magnetite). Oka and Fujita (1999) successfully made magnetic wood with various ex situ methods, e.g., impregnation, coating, and mixing nanoparticles with sawdust, and then made boards (Oka et al. 2000, 2002, 2004). The ex situ method is easier because it uses magnetic materials that are already nanometer-sized. The overall process is faster than the in situ method, in which the magnetic material is synthesized in the wood.

Nano-magnetite has a high iron content; this compound is superparamagnetic and sensitive to external magnetic fields (Abadi et al. 2016). Nanoparticles are effective for treating wood because of their high dispersion, distribution, and penetration, as well as their low viscosity (Fufa and Hovde 2010; Teng et al. 2018). However, nano-magnetite is difficult to dissolve in water, and it readily undergoes coagulation, aggregation, and oxidation. Furthermore, it can easily wash out of wood due to low interaction with wood polymers (Kumar et al. 2010). These problems can be overcome through the addition of furfuryl alcohol (FA) as a dispersant.

Furfuryl alcohol, which has strong polarity, is an environmentally friendly organic chemical made from agricultural waste (Lande et al. 2004; Tathod and Dhepe 2015; Teng et al. 2018). As a dispersant, FA forms a colloidal phase with nano-magnetite and protects its stability, causing it to not agglomerate. The colloids can penetrate deeper into the wood and increase the magnetic properties of the magnetic wood (Kumar et al. 2010; Teng et al. 2018). Furfuryl alcohol also reduces the degradation of magnetic wood due to acids and alkalis (Lande et al. 2004; Forest Product Laboratory 2010; Dong et al. 2016). Previously, FA-impregnated wood has been produced for flooring, furniture, and light construction usage (Hill 2006; Treu et al. 2009; Dong et al. 2014; Hazarika and Maji 2014). Dong et al. (2016) also impregnated poplar wood using nano-magnetite followed by furfurylation to obtain its dimensional and magnetic stability. In this study, magnetic jabon wood was obtained through ex situ modification, using the nano-magnetite and FA impregnation method. The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics of jabon magnetic wood.

EXPERIMENTAL

Materials

Defect-free 5-year-old jabon wood was obtained from Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The samples of wood were cut to dimensions of 2 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm, according to BS 373 (1957), before treatment and the subsequent testing of the physical properties of the magnetic wood. The chemicals used were nano-magnetite (diameter 297 nm ± 5 nm; Nanjing Aocheng Chemical Co., China), FA (98% purity, Sigma Aldrich Pte. Ltd. China), and demineralized water.

Methods

Preparation of impregnation solution

Three impregnation solutions were used in this study: demineralized water, nano-magnetite 7.5%, and FA (1 mol to 1 mol ratio) with nano-magnetite (7.5%). The solutions were mixed using a magnetic stirrer for 15 min, and then a Cole-Parmer sonicator was used at an amplitude of 40% for 30 min to form homogeneous solutions.

Impregnation process

The impregnation process was adapted from Oka et al. (2012), Dong et al. (2016), and Rahayu et al. (2020). First, the samples were dried at 103 ± 2 °C until they reached a constant weight. Each sample was immersed in an impregnation solution in an impregnation tube under 0.5 bar vacuum for 2 h, followed by being under a 1 bar pressure for 2 h. After impregnation, the samples were wrapped in aluminum foil and kept at 65 °C for 12 h for polymerization. Afterward, the aluminum foil was removed, and the samples were oven-dried at 103 ± 2 °C. Each treatment consisted of 10 samples.

Testing the physical properties of magnetic jabon wood

The physical properties and dimensional stability of magnetic jabon wood were tested according to Rowell and Ellis (1978), Hill (2006), and Bowyer et al. (2007). The testing included weight percent gain (WPG), leachability (L), anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), water uptake (WU), and density (ρ). The WPG and leachability were calculated using Eqs. 1 and 2,

WPG (%) = [(W1W0)/W0] × 100 (1)

L (%) = [(W1W2)/(W1W0)] × 100 (2)

where W0 is the oven-dry weight of the sample before the impregnation treatment, W1 is the oven-dry weight after the impregnation treatment, and W2 is the oven-dry weight of the sample after immersion in water for 24 h. The ASE was calculated according to Eq. 3,

ASE (%) = [(SuSt)/St] × 100 (3)

where Su is the volume shrinkage of the untreated sample that was immersed in water at room temperature for 24 h, and St is the volume shrinkage of the treated samples. The WU was evaluated after the samples were immersed in water for 24 h and were calculated according to Eq. 4,

WU (%) = [(W2W1)/W1] × 100 (4)

where W1 is the oven-dry weight of the sample after the impregnation treatment, and W2 is the sample weight after being immersed in water for 24 h. The bulking effect (BE) was calculated according to Eq. 5,

BE (%) = [(V1V0)/V0] × 100 (5)

where V0 is the dry volume of the sample before the impregnation treatment, and V1 is the dry volume sample after the impregnation treatment. The density was calculated after the treatment according to Eq. 6,

ρ (g/cm3) = W1/V1 (6)

where W1 is the oven-dry weight of the sample after the impregnation treatment, and V1 is the volume dry sample after the impregnation treatment.

Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy

The morphology of the wood cell wall after the impregnation treatment was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JSM-6510LA, JEOL Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Samples were cut to the dimensions of 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm × 0.5 cm in the tangential section, sputter-coated with gold, and analyzed at a voltage of 15 kV. Afterward, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis was done to determine the chemical content of the jabon wood samples.

Fourier transform infrared spectrometry

Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) (Thermo Scientific, Nicolet 6700, Waltham, MA) was used to qualitatively analyze the functional groups of the three types of jabon wood samples. The samples were separately milled to a powder size of 200-mesh and embedded in potassium bromide pellets. The scans were from 400 to 4000 cm-1 at a 4 cm-1 resolution for 32 scans.

X-ray diffraction analysis

The degree of crystallinity of the jabon wood samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Empyrean, Malvern Panalytical, Malvern, UK). The samples were cut to a thickness of 2 mm on the tangential plane. The parameters used in this analysis were as follows: a Cu anode, a 40 kV voltage, a 30 mA electric current, and a scan range between 5° and 70° with a scanning speed of 0.0263 °/step.

Vibrating sample magnetometry

The magnetic properties of the jabon wood samples were analyzed via vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) (VSM Dexing type 250, CN) at 300 K in an external magnetic field from 100 Oe to 21 kOe. The dimensions of the sample used were 3.8 mm × 3.8 mm × 1.5 mm in the longitudinal plane. The parameters used in this analysis were as follows: magnetization saturation (Ms), retentivity (Mr), and coercivity (Hc).

Data analysis

The data were analyzed using a completely randomized design and the effect of the impregnation treatment on the physical properties of the jabon wood samples was evaluated via analysis of variance (ANOVA). The differences between the treatments were analyzed using Duncan’s multiple range test at a 1% level of accuracy. The software used for data analysis was IBM SPSS Statistics (version 25.0, IBM, Armonk, NY).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Physical Properties of Magnetic Jabon Wood

The average of the physical properties with the standard deviation of the treated jabon wood is shown in Table 1. The results showed slight increases in the WPG, BE, and density of jabon wood treated with Fe3O4, which were not significantly different from the untreated wood. This outcome was likely due to the characteristics of the nano-magnetite particles, which are insoluble in pure water, and the suspected agglomeration of nano-magnetite particles occurring on the wood surface. However, because the magnetite particles used in this research were of nanometer size, the physical properties of jabon wood increased to a slight extent. The most important physical property of the material that will affect solubility is particle size. In the case of crystals smaller than 1 μm, the high surface area may increase solubility (Cornell and Schwertmann 2006).

Table 1. Physical Properties of Untreated and Treated Jabon Wood

These phenomena can cause the size of the nano-magnetite particles to increase and thus block the wood pores, thereby preventing the nano-magnetite from penetrating deeper into the wood (Liu et al. 2001). It occurs because the surface free energy of magnetite is relatively high (Cornell and Schwertsmann 2006).

The addition of FA to the nano-magnetite treatment caused the WPG, BE, and density to significantly increase compared with the untreated wood. The presence of FA is thought to replace bound water in the cell walls. Furthermore, the polymerization process also causes the FA molecules to undergo in situ polycondensation to form the polymer resins in the cell walls of the jabon wood and thus improve its physical properties (Bi et al. 2021). From Table 1, the penetration of solution, namely FA and nano-magnetite, affected the physical properties and dimensional stability of jabon wood. Treatment with FA and nano-magnetite caused the wood to have improved anti-swelling properties, which was indicated by a significant increase in the ASE and a decrease in the WU in the FA-Fe3O4 wood samples. Nano-magnetite creates tortuous paths within the wood cell wall, thereby limiting the interaction between the wood polymer and water molecules. Furfuryl alcohol, which has hydrophobic properties, also agglomerates and clogs cell cavities, reducing the occurrence of chemical bonds with water.

The FA-Fe3O4 magnetic jabon wood had a significantly lower leaching rate than the Fe3O4 magnetic jabon wood. The addition of FA to the impregnation solution was thought to reduce the migration of magnetic nanoparticles in jabon wood, such that only a small amount of leaching may occur (Dong et al. 2014; Dong et al. 2016; Farah et al. 2021). The authors’ previous research (Rahayu et al. 2022), showed that WPG (47.44%), BE (7.13%) and ASE (64.26%) values of treated jabon wood by the in situ method (NaOH precursor) were similar to FA-Fe3O4 treated jabon wood. It was concluded that FA as a dispersant was capable of maintaining good dispersion, making it possible to deposit nano Fe3O4 into jabon wood.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)

The morphology of the jabon wood after treatment is shown in Fig. 1. The cell cavities of the untreated wood appeared empty and are not covered by chemicals (Fig. 1a). Furthermore, the Fe3O4-treated wood also showed no nanoparticle deposits in the cell wood cavities (Fig. 1c). Therefore, the addition of the colloid-forming FA-Fe3O4 caused morphological changes in the cell cavities of the jabon wood (Fig. 1d). In these samples, the cell cavities were covered and saturated with FA-Fe3O4, and nano-magnetite sedimentation occurred on the surface of the jabon wood. The nano-magnetite that could not enter the lumen of the wood cells aggregated, thus reducing the high surface energy of nano-magnetite (Choat et al. 2008; Garskaite et al. 2021).

The presence of nano-magnetite in the wood cavity was also confirmed via EDX analysis, and the results are shown in Table 2. Based on the data described in Table 2, the amount of nano-magnetite contained in the impregnated jabon wood increased when FA was added to the impregnation solution. The FA-Fe3O4 colloid can fill the space in the wood cell wall and cover the wood cell cavity, thereby reducing the hygroscopicity of the wood. According to Dirna et al. (2020), the presence of nanoparticles in the impregnation solution can improve the physical properties of wood. As such, this study found that FA-Fe3O4 magnetic jabon wood showed the best results among all treatments.

Fig. 1. Morphology of the (a) untreated; (b) Fe3O4, and (c) FA-Fe3O4 jabon wood treated (at a magnification of ×550)

Table 2. Chemical Composition of Untreated dan Treated Jabon Wood with Fe3O4 and FA-Fe3O4

Fourier-transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR) Analysis

The functional groups of the jabon wood are shown in Fig. 2. The analysis detected O-H bending of the cell wall component at a wavenumber of 3340 cm−1 (Hazarika and Maji 2014). According to Nandiyanto et al. (2019), the O-H stretching of the hydroxyl group ranges from 3570 cm-1 to 3200 cm-1, while Cheng et al. (2013) stated that a peak at 3400 cm−1 indicated a water molecule in the liquid phase. In addition, the analysis found a peak at a wavenumber of 2906 cm-1. This peak indicated the presence of the vibration of the C-H stretching functional group, based on previous research by Gan et al. (2017), who detected the C-H functional group at a wave number of 2908 cm-1.

The functional group vibration at a wavenumber of 1730 cm-1 is C=O stretching (Coates 2006). This is assigned to the C=O stretching in non-conjugated ketones and ester groups, which could be due to the cleavage of ester linkages in hemicelluloses as well as the cleavage of lignin side chains by the magnetic treatment (Dong et al. 2016; Hazarika and Maji 2014). The FA polymerization was also followed by the appearance of a peak at 1595 cm-1, which indicated the presence of a 2,4-substituted furan ring structure vibration (Pranger et al. 2012; Dong et al. 2016). The furan ring also caused a weakening of the peak of the C-O functional group at 1030 cm−1 (Rahayu et al. 2021). The peak of the Fe-O vibration from the nano-magnetite samples appeared at a wavenumber of 548 cm-1. The Fe-O peak of the Fe3O4 wood sample appeared at a wavenumber of 563 cm-1, while it shifted to 560 cm-1 in the FA-Fe3O4 sample. In a study by Lin and Ho (2014), a strong peak of the Fe-O group of bulk nano-magnetite was detected at a wavenumber of 580 cm-1 and a weak peak was detected at a wavenumber of 436 cm-1.

Fig. 2. FT-IR spectra of (a) nano-magnetite; (b) untreated; and treated jabon wood with (c) Fe3O4; (d) FA-Fe3O4

XRD Analysis

The XRD spectra of untreated and treated jabon wood with Fe3O4, and FA-Fe3O4 are shown in Fig. 3. The degree of crystallinity of Fe3O4 treated wood increased compared to untreated wood. It was due to the restructuration of cellulose in the amorph phase when it interacted with water (Dong et al. 2014) as a dispersant of Fe3O4. The degree of crystallinity of FA-Fe3O4 jabon wood decreased with the addition of nano-magnetite and FA, significantly different from untreated and Fe3O4 treated wood (Table 3). The Fe3O4-treated wood had a higher crystallinity than the untreated wood. This result was thought to be because of the presence of water-insoluble nano-magnetite, which blocked cavities within the wood and prevented water from penetrating deeper into the wood. As a result, the crystallinity of the jabon wood remained higher. According to Xu and Huang (2011), treatment with FA-Fe3O4 causes the oxidation of jabon wood cellulose. Nano-magnetite and FA can react with cellulose in the wood cell wall and weaken the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The compounds also open the pyranose ring, which breaks down and depolymerizes the crystal structure of jabon wood cellulose, thereby considerably reducing its crystallinity. Rahayu et al. (2021) stated that FA addition in ganitri wood can decrease the wood crystallinity. As shown in Fig. 3, the crystal planes I001 (15.7° and 16.04°) and I002 (22.36°) indicate the cellulose from jabon wood (Lionetto et al. 2012; Dong et al. 2016).

Table 3. Degree of Crystallinity of Untreated and Treated Jabon Wood with Fe3O4, and FA-Fe3O4

Fig. 3. XRD spectra of untreated and treated jabon wood with Fe3O4, FA, and FA-Fe3O4

The effect of the addition of FA in magnetic jabon wood is indicated by the widened intensity in the peaks of I001 and I002, which indicated that the crystalline cellulose area in jabon wood had become amorphous (Rahayu et al. 2021). In addition, a new peak was also found at 2θ = 18.14° (I101), which was attributed to the formation of a crystalline area of cellulose. The peaks of 2θ = 29.95° (I220), 35.31° (I311), 42.98° (I400), 53.38° (I422), and 56.88° (I511) were associated with the presence of Fe3O4 that forms a crystalline area. According to Garskaite et al. (2021), the interaction of the colloidal impregnation solution with the wood cell wall components did not affect the stability of the nano-magnetite.

The sizes of Fe3O4 inside jabon wood (Table 3), were determined based on an XRD diffractogram by using Scherrer equation (Hargreaves 2016). The size of Fe3O4 inside FA-Fe3O4 treated wood (43.18 nm) was lower than Fe3O4 treated (65.26 nm) and untreated (61.30 nm). This indicated that Fe3O4 inside treated and untreated jabon wood could be regarded as nano-sized. Khan et al. (2019) stated that particles are classified as nano-sized if the size is within the range of 1 to 100 nm (by crystal size approach).

Characterization of the Magnetic Properties

Figure 4 shows the apparent hysteresis behavior of the magnetic jabon wood. The direction of the magnetic moment of the wood was one-way magnetized and required a small external field. The hysteresis loop of the magnetic jabon wood obtained also had an elongated and narrow shape. According to Tang and Fu (2020), the loop shape indicated paramagnetic behavior, which is characterized by saturation magnetization (Ms), magnetization remanence (Mr), and coercivity (Hc) (Matsumoto et al. 2010; Gan et al. 2017). The Ms, Mr, and Hc values are shown in Table 4. Untreated and FA-treated wood were not tested because there was no addition of nano-magnetite.

Table 4. Saturation Magnetization (Ms), Retentivity (Mr), and Coercivity (Hc) of the Treated Jabon Wood

Fig 4. The magnetic hysteresis curve of the jabon wood treated with (a) Fe3O4; and (b) FA-Fe3O4

The Ms value generated from this research was relatively low. However, the Ms value of the FA-Fe3O4-treated wood was higher than the Ms value of the Fe3O4-treated jabon wood, which indicated that it was easier to magnetize. The lower Ms value of the Fe3O4-treated wood could be because of the decomposition of nano-magnetite (Dong et al. 2016). The decreased crystallinity caused by the penetration of FA in the FA-Fe3O4– treated wood was caused by the high Ms value. The Ms value is influenced by the structure of the material, the size of the nanoparticles, and the degree of crystallinity (Setiadi et al. 2013; Willard and Daniil 2013). Besides, it is also caused by the presence of a higher content of nano-magnetite in FA-Fe3O4 treated wood (proven by EDX results). The Ms value in this study showed a higher number compared to magnetic wood that was synthesized in situ by Rahayu et al. (2022), through chemical coprecipitation using the precursors of strong base (0.079 emu/g) and weak base (0.0730 emu/g). Therefore, the role of FA in this study is very important to facilitate the magnetization of wood. The increase in the Ms value could also be caused by the partial superparamagnetism of the magnetite nanoparticles. In these particles, the magnetite has a core with ferromagnetic characteristics, and it is coated with a material consisting of cellulose that has diamagnetic properties (Nypelö 2022). In addition, the decreased Ms value compared to the bulk phase could also be due to the presence of wood and FA, as non-magnetic materials on the nano-magnetite surface reduce the magnetic interactions (Oliveira et al. 2018). The correlation between WPG and Ms shows in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5. The correlation between weight percent gain (WPG) and saturation magnetization (Ms) of the magnetic jabon wood

The WPG showed a linear correlation with the Ms value, which means the more WPG increases, the greater value of Ms obtained. This was also shown by the research of Dong et al. (2016). Previous research conducted by Gan et al. (2017) stated that the Ms value of bulk nano-magnetite particles was 58.8 emu/g. Therefore, Ms values of Fe3O4 and FA-Fe3O4-treated wood are considered lower than Ms of bulk nano-magnetite. FA-Fe3O4-treated wood is classified as soft magnetic material. The Mr value also showed an increase after the addition of FA, which means the magnetic properties of the wood were getting better. The Mr value shows the magnetic field remaining in the wood samples after the external magnetic field is removed. Moya et al. (2022) stated that the Mr value of magnetic wood in situ via coprecipitation method made from several tropical wood species ranged from 0.01 to 0.25 emu/g, which is slightly lower than the results of this study. This case may be caused by the influence of FA which reduces the crystallinity of the wood.

The higher Hc value in the FA-Fe3O4-treated wood indicated that a stronger field was needed to remove the remanent magnetization. In addition, the structure of the wood can also affect its magnetic properties. Compared to the in situ method by Dong et al. (2016), the Hc value of magnetic wood in this study was higher and increased after adding FA to the solutions. Consequently, the nano-magnetite could be well distributed. The higher Hc value can also be explained by additional nanoparticles being present in the composite and the difficulty of demagnetizing (Fliegans et al. 2021). Synthesis of magnetized biomass has been carried out on bamboo using Fe3O4 combined with several chemicals in situ. This approach has been used to produce bamboo with good physical and mechanical properties, thermal stability, and absorbance of electromagnetic waves, making it suitable for structural applications (Lou et al. 2021; 2022a; 2022b).

CONCLUSIONS

  1. Impregnation treatment with nano-magnetite and furfuryl alcohol (FA) was successfully carried out to create magnetic jabon wood with good physical properties. Increases in the weight percentage gain (WPG), bulking effect (BE), density, and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) were observed. In addition, the FA-Fe3O4 treatment led to decreases in the water uptake (WU) and leachability because of interactions between the wood cell wall polymers and the impregnation solutions, which reduced the ability of jabon wood to absorb water.
  2. The presence of nano-magnetite in the jabon wood was demonstrated through scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis and the amount of nano-magnetite was increased by adding FA to the impregnation solution. The Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis showed that furan rings and Fe-O functional groups were present in the treated wood. The degree of crystallinity of the jabon wood decreased after FA was added to the treatment because it induced amorphous properties. The vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) analysis showed that the FA-Fe3O4-treated wood had stronger magnetic properties compared to the Fe3O4-treated wood, as evidenced by a higher Ms.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was funded by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia with the Postgraduate Research-Master Thesis Research scheme (PPS-PTM) (contract number 0277/E5/AK.04/2022 and 082/E5/PG.02.00.PT/2022) on 2022.

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Article submitted: May 8, 2022; Peer review completed: June 19, 2022; Revised version received: September 13, 2022; Accepted: September 14, 2022; Published: October 3, 2022.

DOI: 10.15376/biores.17.4.6496-6510