Screening and characterization of a low-temperature-resistant cellulose-degrading strain, Trichoderma harzianum L-8, from a primitive forest

Abstract

Low temperature is a major factor limiting the bio-sustainable and efficient conversion of cellulose-based resources in cold regions. In this study, a low-temperature resistant cellulose-degrading fungus with high cellulase production was screened from samples found in a primitive forest in Daqing by straw using the enrichment-restricted culture technique. The fungus was identified as genus Trichoderma harzianum, strain L-8 by morphological and molecular biological analysis. The enzyme production conditions were optimized via response surface methodology, and the optimal conditions for the enzyme production of Trichoderma harzianum L-8 were as follows: a CMC-Na addition of 10.63 g·L-1, an ammonium sulfate addition of 2.22 g·L-1, an initial pH of 5.29, and a lecithin addition of 5.18 g·L-1 when the CMCase reached 53.40 IU·mL-1. The leading enzyme families of Trichoderma harzianum L-8 were identified via proteomic analysis. Proteases including glycosyl hydrolase family 3-4 and cellobiohydrolase play important roles in cellulose degradation. The strain Trichoderma harzianum L-8 showed a strong cellulose degradation ability under low temperatures, providing strain resources for cellulose resource biotransformation technology in cold regions.

Full Article

Screening and Characterization of a Low-Temperature-Resistant Cellulose-degrading Strain, Trichoderma harzianum L-8, from a Primitive Forest

Ruxian Wang,^a,b Dongxu Tao,^a,b Jian Li,^a,b Shengnan Chen,^a,c Jinxia Fan,^a,b,c Weishuai Bi,^a,b Stopira Yannick Benz Boboua,^a,b and Guoxiang Zheng ^a,b,c,*

Low temperature is a major factor limiting the bio-sustainable and efficient conversion of cellulose-based resources in cold regions. In this study, a low-temperature resistant cellulose-degrading fungus with high cellulase production was screened from samples found in a primitive forest in Daqing by straw using the enrichment-restricted culture technique. The fungus was identified as genus Trichoderma harzianum, strain L-8 by morphological and molecular biological analysis. The enzyme production conditions were optimized via response surface methodology, and the optimal conditions for the enzyme production of Trichoderma harzianum L-8 were as follows: a CMC-Na addition of 10.63 g·L^-1, an ammonium sulfate addition of 2.22 g·L^-1, an initial pH of 5.29, and a lecithin addition of 5.18 g·L^-1 when the CMCase reached 53.40 IU·mL^-1. The leading enzyme families of Trichoderma harzianum L-8 were identified via proteomic analysis. Proteases including glycosyl hydrolase family 3-4 and cellobiohydrolase play important roles in cellulose degradation. The strain Trichoderma harzianum L-8 showed a strong cellulose degradation ability under low temperatures, providing strain resources for cellulose resource biotransformation technology in cold regions.

DOI: 10.15376/biores.17.2.3303-3319

Keywords: Trichoderma harzianum; Cellulose; Low temperature resistant; Cellulose-degrading strain; Proteomics analysis

Contact information: a: College of Engineering, Northeast Agriculture University, Harbin 150030, PR China; b: Key Laboratory of Agricultural Renewable Resources Utilization Technology and Equipment in Cold Areas of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150030, PR China; c: Key Laboratory of Pig-breeding Facilities Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin 150030, PR China;  

*Corresponding author: mlrs2345@neau.edu.cn

INTRODUCTION

As the most abundant carbohydrate in nature, cellulose is an essential class of renewable resources (Li et al. 2021). Its biotransformation degradation technology has become a research hotspot for both energy and the environmental sciences because of its high degradation efficiency, low energy consumption, safety, and lack of pollution (Awais et al. 2021). However, little research has been reported on the screening and performance of low-temperature resistant cellulose-degrading strains. After a long period of evolution, low-temperature microorganisms have a particular structure and metabolic mechanism to adapt to low-temperature environments, and most of their enzymes have low-temperature catalytic and heat-unstable properties (Yusof et al. 2021). Cold-adapted microorganisms regulate their metabolic activities by producing cold-active enzymes to adapt to low temperature environments (Abdellah et al. 2021).

Cold-active enzymes have a low optimal reaction temperature and can bind to substrates and have catalytic activity under low-temperature conditions (Wang et al. 2021). The screening of low-temperature tolerant cellulose-degrading strains and the search for their optimal conditions for cellulase production have great importance for the utilization of cellulose resources in cold regions (Sun et al. 2020). In order to solve the problem of the difficulty of the utilization of cellulose resources during the cold climate in autumn and winter in cold regions, it is necessary to find a low-temperature resistant cellulose degrading strain and optimize its enzyme production performance (Dai et al. 2016; Gong et al. 2020). In view of the cold and long winter characteristics in cold regions, the key to optimizing the biomass conversion process, reducing production costs, and resolving the waste of cellulose resources is to find strains that can adapt to the cold environment and efficiently produce cellulase and optimize their enzyme production conditions (Sun et al. 2018). Research on the characteristics and application conditions of cellulase can further improve the strains, which can provide valuable strain resources for subsequent practical applications.

EXPERIMENTAL

Source of Strain

The strain was isolated from a primitive forest in Daqing.

Experimental Method

Screening and identification of strains

The initial screening and re-screening of the strain were performed according to the method described in Duncan et al. (2008), outlined as follows:

First, 30 μL of a pure strain obtained from screening was spotted at the center of a potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate and incubated at a temperature of 17 °C for 5 to 7 d to observe the morphology and growth characteristics of the colony to determine the genus of the strain. The pure isolated strain was inoculated into PDA plates and incubated at a temperature of 15 °C for 5 d, and the spore morphology was observed via scanning electron microscopy. Molecular biology 18S rDNA sequence analysis was used, and PCR amplification was performed using universal fungal primers. Shanghai Biotechnology determined the sequences of the amplification products, and the results were matched with the sequences of standard strain samples on the NCBI website. The phylogenetic tree of the strain was constructed using MEGA software (7.0, Penn State University, State College, PA).

Enzyme activity assay

The enzyme activity of filter paper (FPA) was determined according to the method described in Silveira et al. (2012). The cellulose enzyme activity (CMCase) was determined by following the international standard method recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (Ghose 1987).

Optimization of the conditions for enzyme activity

The optimum reaction temperature, optimum reaction pH, and thermal stability of cellulase and filter paper enzymes were investigated experimentally utilizing the method of Sriariyanun et al. (2016) for the study of the enzymatic properties.

Using a Plackett-Burman (PB) experimental design method and analysis of variance for the results, several incubation conditions, including the carbon source, nitrogen source, initial pH, lecithin addition, metal ions added, incubation temperature, and incubation time, were examined to screen out the primary influencing factors among them. Each factor was assigned a high and a low level, expressed as “+1” and “-1”, respectively.

Based on the primary influencing factors screened by the Plackett-Burman test, a 4-factor, 5-level response surface analysis was conducted for the conditions of cellulase production using a central composite design (CCD). The final equation model between the factors and the corresponding indicators is shown in Eq. 1,

(1)

where Y is the enzyme activity, a₀ is the offset, a_i is the linear offset, a_ij is the second-order offset, and X_i is the value of each factor.

Proteomic analysis

Shanghai Biotech performed proteomic analysis on the total protein samples via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Isolation and Morphological Identification of the Low Temperature Resistant Cellulose Degrading Strains

By comparing the size of the hydrolysis circle, observing the degradation of microcrystalline cellulose, and determining the enzyme activity, eight strains with good enzyme production were obtained. The results of the colony diameter, hydrolysis ring size, microcrystalline cellulose degradation, and CMCase are shown in Table 1. After comparing the strains, L-8 was selected as the experimental strain.

Table 1. Hydrolytic Circle and Colony Diameter

The Congo red staining, colony morphology, and spore morphology of strain L-8 are shown in Fig. 1. The colony was round, with an average diameter of approximately 8 cm, annular outward diffusion, edge folds, dense clumps, white flocculent at the early growth stage, and produced dark green spores. Under the scanning electron microscope, one or more conidial peduncles were observed on the lateral branches of the mycelium, which grew in an upright position. There were branches at the end of the arbuscular, and the top of the arbuscular was tightly non-dispersed. The spore masses were formed on the lateral branches, and the spore masses were spherical with smooth surfaces. The colony was preliminarily identified as a Trichoderma sp. strain.

Fig. 1. Morphological characters of L-8: (A) characteristics of the hydrolysis circle of the Congo red staining of the strain; (B) the growth morphology of the strains attached to the screening medium; and (C) the hyphae and spores observed under a scanning electron microscopy

Molecular Biological Identification of the Low Temperature Resistant Cellulose Degrading Strains

The strain DNA was used as a template to amplify the 18S rDNA of the strain, and the sequence of 1050 bp was sequenced after linkage with the T vector. The genes were compared with the sequences in the GenBank database by BLAST, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA 7.0 software. The evolutionary status of Trichoderma harzianum L-8 is shown in Fig. 2. Trichoderma harzianum is one of the most common “aggregate species” of Trichoderma (Chaverri et al. 2015). Cellulase, hemicellulase, xylanase, chitinase and protease produced by fermentation are usually widely used in agriculture, feed and environmental protection.

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree with strain L-8

Enzymatic Properties of the Strains

The effects of the reaction temperature on the cellulase and filter paper enzymes activities produced by Trichoderma harzianum L-8 are shown in Fig. 3. The cellulase and filter paper enzymes had the highest enzymatic activities under 30 °C reactions. When the reaction temperature exceeded 35 °C, the FPA and CMCase activity significantly decreased (p-value less than 0.05). Other reports on cellulases also reflected similar properties (Zhang et al. 2009; Li et al. 2020). During the fermentation process, the influence of temperature primarily manifested in terms of microbial growth and reproduction, metabolic synthesis, and physicochemical properties of the fermentation broth. Low-temperature cellulase activity was the strongest at the optimal temperature range, and the enzymatic reaction rate was the largest. However, the enzymatic reaction was affected beyond the optimal temperature, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of metabolites. The cellulase and filter paper enzymes produced by Trichoderma harzianum L-8 had good activity when reacting under low-temperature conditions. They had good adaptability to low-temperature, which could be adapted to the autumn temperature in the cold region of northeast China.

Fig. 3. Effect of the temperature on cellulase and filter paper enzyme

The thermal stability of the cellulase is shown in Fig. 4. As shown, the stability of the cellulase was high at a temperature range of 5 °C to 20 °C (p-value less than 0.05), and the relative enzyme activity was greater than 90% after holding for 2 h. The relative enzyme activity rapidly decreased after the temperature exceeded 30 °C. It could be seen that the performance of the cellulase remained stable under low-temperature conditions, which was consistent with low-temperature enzyme characteristics. This characteristic makes the strain more valuable for application, as the degradation of cellulose resources in most northeastern regions of China, where there is a considerable diurnal temperature difference and long-term cold in autumn and winter, requires enzymes with a strong ability to adapt to temperature changes.

Fig. 4. Effect of the temperature on the stability of the cellulase

The effect of the pH on the enzymes produced by the strains is shown in Fig. 5. The optimal reaction pH for Trichoderma harzianum L-8 cellulase was 6.0. The activity conditions of the filter paper enzymes and cellulase were similar, with the relative enzyme activity reaching 100% at a pH of 5.0. The primary reason for the effect of the pH on the enzyme activity was the change in the dissociation state of the enzyme active site. The difference in the optimal reaction pHs between cellulase and the filter paper enzymes may be due to the differences between the two enzymes, which led to the deviation in the optimal activity conditions. It was seen that although there was a deviation in the optimal pHs of the two enzymes, their optimal activity conditions were the same, with both enzymes functioning at a neutral to acidic level as well as being well adapted to alkaline environments, with both enzymes being able to adapt to a wide pH range. This result was similar to Legodi et al. (2019) and Steiner and Margesin (2020) regarding low-temperature tolerant cellulases.

Fig. 5. Effect of the pH on the cellulase and filter paper enzyme

Fig. 6. Effect of metal ions on cellulase

The effect of each metal ion on the enzyme reaction is shown in Fig. 6. As shown in Fig. 6, it was found that Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, and low concentrations of Na⁺ have a facilitative effect on the cellulase produced by Trichoderma harzianum L-8. The addition of Mn²⁺ was detrimental to the catalytic action of cellulase produced by Trichoderma harzianum L-8. This was consistent with the conclusion of Picart et al. (2008), who found that the addition of Mn²⁺ inhibited the catalytic action of cellulase. However, the results of Zhang et al. (2016) showed that the Mn²⁺ in metal ions had a considerable activating effect on cellulase activity. Further studies on the mechanism of the effect of metal ions on cellulase are needed.

Screening of the Significant Factors

After the single-factor test, the best enzyme production temperature for strain Trichoderma harzianum L-8 was 16 °C. The best enzyme production effect was achieved when the initial pH was 4.0 to 5.0. For different carbon and nitrogen sources, the best carbon source for strain Trichoderma harzianum L-8 was CMC-Na, and the enzyme production effect was better when the addition amount was 7.5 g·L^-1 to 15.0 g·L^-1. The enzyme production effect was better when the addition amount of ammonium sulfate was 2 g·L^-1 to 4 g·L^-1 (as the nitrogen source), and lecithin affected the enzyme production effect of the strain. Based on this, the effect of each factor, metal ion, and lecithin addition on the enzyme production of the strain was determined via a single-factor test, and a PB test was used to screen the significant factors comprehensively.

The PB test was conducted with a shaking bed culture with CMCase as the response value, and the factors affecting the cellulase production ability of the strain were screened. The factor levels are shown in Table 2. The experimental design and results are shown in Table 3. CMCase was used as the response value Y for the significant factor analysis, and the significance level of each factor is shown in Table 4.

From the ANOVA shown results in Tables 2 through 4, the experimental design model of Trichoderma harzianum L-8 PB was highly significant (the p-value equals 0.009, which is less than 0.01).

Table 2. Plackett-Burman Design Factor and Level Table for Trichoderma harzianum L-8

Table 3. Plackett-Burman Design and Results of Trichoderma harzianum L-8

The four factors that had the most significant effect on cellulase in order were X_b (CMC-Na addition), was greater than X_d (ammonium sulfate addition), which was greater than X_h (initial pH), which was greater than X_p (lecithin addition), and the p-values of X_b, X_d, X_h, and X_p were less than 0.01, which indicated that these factors had significant effects on the cellulase and filter paper enzyme yields. Therefore, these four factors were selected as the primary factors for the following optimization experiments.

The significant factors identified by the PB experiment on the enzyme production of strain Trichoderma harzianum L-8 were set as variables. The four significant factors and their levels are tabulated in Table 5. The results of the CCD experimental design are shown in Table 6. In the experiment, except for the primary influencing factors identified in the PB experiment, the values of the other factors were taken as the best values in the single-factor experiment, and the corresponding CMCase (Y) values were obtained experimentally.

Table 4. Plackett-Burman ANOVA Results of Trichoderma harzianum L-8