Review Articles

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an emerging biopolymer synthesized by specific microbial strains, such as Komagataeibacter xylinus. It is distinguished by its ultrafine nanofibrillar architecture, exceptional mechanical strength, high water-holding capacity, and inherent biocompatibility. Unlike plant-derived cellulose, BC is chemically pure and free from lignin and hemicellulose, making it especially attractive for biomedical use. Recently, BC has gained prominence as a multifunctional platform for applications in wound care, antimicrobial therapies, tissue engineering, and sustainable infection control. Recent advances in bioengineering and materials science have significantly broadened the functional landscape of BC. Through incorporating antibacterial agents, such as silver nanoparticles, chitosan, essential oils, or antibiotics, BC composites demonstrate potent antimicrobial efficacy while maintaining safety and biocompatibility. These hybrid materials address the critical need for novel, biodegradable alternatives to synthetic polymers in the fight against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This brief review critically examines the latest progress in BC production technologies, structural functionalization strategies, and clinical applications, with particular emphasis on its antibacterial properties and regenerative potential. The molecular mechanisms underlying its interaction with microbial cells and host tissues are also explored. Furthermore, the review outlines key challenges, such as large-scale manufacturing, regulatory hurdles, and clinical validation, and presents forward-looking perspectives on how BC could revolutionize healthcare by supporting next-generation biomaterials and sustainable therapeutic solutions.

The increasing global demand for sustainable materials has spurred extensive research into biopolymer-based composites derived from agricultural residue biomass. These materials offer an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based composites, addressing environmental pollution, resource depletion, and the need for low-density materials in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, packaging, and construction. This research focused on low-density bio-based composites as sustainable options for lightweight applications in automotive, aerospace, packaging, and construction. It highlights the use of agricultural residue and discontinuous binder systems to reduce density, as well as manufacturing techniques that improve structural efficiency. It emphasizes critical composite properties such as mechanical strength, thermal behavior, water resistance, biodegradability, and lightweight characteristics. The influence of fiber content and processing parameters on overall performance is also discussed. In addition, the review highlights major challenges, including scalability, cost-effectiveness, and long-term stability and proposes future research directions focused on durability enhancement, production efficiency, and commercial viability. Overall, this work underscores the transformative potential of agricultural residue-derived bio composites in advancing sustainable, high-performance materials for lightweight and eco-conscious construction and industrial applications.

The efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production represents a significant challenge. As effective solvents, ionic liquids (ILs) have demonstrated considerable potential in laboratory-scale studies for the pretreatment of biomass, thereby enabling successful enzymatic saccharification. However, critical issues should be resolved, for instance, the remaining tolerance or activity of microorganisms or cellulase in the presence of ILs. This review aims to study the impact of ILs on microorganisms and cellulase during ILs-assisted biomass degradation, to investigate the interactions between ILs and microorganisms/enzymes, and to explore the feasible mechanism of ILs on enzymatic activity. This study emphasizes ILs-assisted enzymatic saccharification systems for the successful biomass degradation. Future research will focus on developing composite catalytic systems of ILs and microorganisms/enzymes and also the recycling and reusing of ionic liquids for industrial applications.