Abstract
Longitudinal tensile, longitudinal compressive, and flexural tests of bamboo from different regions were carried out, and the values of strength and elastic modulus were obtained. The probability distribution models of mechanical properties of bamboo in different regions were studied based on the data. The effects of no waterproofing treatment, tung oil treatment, and wood wax oil treatment on mechanical property degradation of bamboo were studied in response to 7 days of soaking. The main conclusions include: the mechanical properties of bamboo produced in Yunnan Province were the highest, followed by Jiangxi Province, and the lowest in Zhejiang Province. The Weibull distribution model achieved a good fit for all mechanical properties. With the increase of soaking time, the mechanical properties of bamboo were degraded. Degradation in the control group was the highest, followed by the wood wax oil group, and tung oil group was the lowest. On the 7th day, the average mechanical properties of the control group had decreased by 32.0%, the tung oil group by 14.5%, and the wood wax oil group by 25.6%. Through comprehensive comparison, it was evident that tung oil treatment provided the best waterproofing effect for bamboo.
Download PDF
Full Article
Effect of Waterproofing Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Bamboo
Lei Yang,a,* Dongming Li,b and Lixiang Yu a
Longitudinal tensile, longitudinal compressive, and flexural tests of bamboo from different regions were carried out, and the values of strength and elastic modulus were obtained. The probability distribution models of mechanical properties of bamboo in different regions were studied based on the data. The effects of no waterproofing treatment, tung oil treatment, and wood wax oil treatment on mechanical property degradation of bamboo were studied in response to 7 days of soaking. The main conclusions include: the mechanical properties of bamboo produced in Yunnan Province were the highest, followed by Jiangxi Province, and the lowest in Zhejiang Province. The Weibull distribution model achieved a good fit for all mechanical properties. With the increase of soaking time, the mechanical properties of bamboo were degraded. Degradation in the control group was the highest, followed by the wood wax oil group, and tung oil group was the lowest. On the 7th day, the average mechanical properties of the control group had decreased by 32.0%, the tung oil group by 14.5%, and the wood wax oil group by 25.6%. Through comprehensive comparison, it was evident that tung oil treatment provided the best waterproofing effect for bamboo.
DOI: 10.15376/biores.20.1.1794-1806
Keywords: Bamboo; Waterproof; Tung oil; Wood wax oil; Mechanical properties; Degradation
Contact information: a: Power China Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited, Changsha, Hunan, 410014, China; b: National Center of Quality Inspection and Testing for Hydro Structure, The Ministry of Water Resources, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450044, China; *Corresponding author: liuyt75@126.com
INTRODUCTION
Bamboo is extensively distributed across the globe, with China serving as the epicenter of the world’s bamboo resources. It grows rapidly, attaining considerable heights within a brief period, whereas trees frequently require decades, or even centuries, to achieve comparable utility. This rapid growth makes bamboo an ideal renewable material with a much lower ecological impact than traditional wood (Zhou et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2018; Lin et al. 2019; Gauss et al. 2020; Skuratov et al. 2021). Bamboo is hard, has good toughness and elasticity, and is often used in construction and manufacturing crafts (Tian et al. 2019; Shu et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2020; Garbaya et al. 2021; Guan et al. 2021). Bamboo also has a strong regenerative capacity and can quickly recover growth after cutting. Therefore, bamboo is often used in modern green buildings. Bamboo structure has an important influence in Chinese history, since it not only plays a role of bearing load but is also an important cultural symbol. Modern bamboo structure architectural design not only pays attention to traditional craft, but also integrates modern architectural technology. This combination not only preserves local culture, but also helps to improve architectural performance. Bamboo effectively absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen as it grows, taking up twice as much carbon as trees in the same area. This characteristic makes bamboo structure building become one of the important means to reduce global warming (Zachariah et al. 2016; Pan et al. 2020; Xu et al. 2022). The use of bamboo structures can reduce the dependence on oil and building materials, thus reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the construction process of bamboo structures is comparatively straightforward, enabling a significant reduction in both the construction timeline and labor costs. Consequently, bamboo structures emerge as a highly suitable option for numerous countries aiming to enhance their housing standards. The development of bamboo structures can also provide jobs for regional residents and promote the development of the local economy. Bamboo planting, harvesting, processing, and other links can promote the development of a series of related industries.
At present, the research on bamboo building materials and bamboo structures mainly includes the material properties of bamboo, the mechanical properties of bamboo components, and the mechanical properties of bamboo joints. Zhao et al. (2021) carried out tensile, bending, and combined tension-bending loading tests of bamboo to study the asymmetric deformation and fracture of bamboo under the above loading conditions. Pineda et al. (2023) studied the transverse compressive strength and elastic modulus of bamboo from macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. At the macroscopic level, the relationship between strength and elastic modulus and density was explored. At the microscopic level, the changes of cell structure during stress were observed. Li et al. (2017) studied the bearing capacity of bamboo pipe members after they were filled with concrete or cement mortar and made a comparative analysis with that of pure bamboo pipe. Zhou et al. (2022) carried out flexural performance tests on single and double bamboo pipe beams to study the bearing capacity and failure mode of bamboo beams. Zhou et al. (2023) developed a new type of raw bamboo sleeve grouting joint and analyzed the effects of parameters, such as the number of bolts and bonding depth on the bearing capacity of the joint.
The above research shows that bamboo has excellent performance in both material properties and structural mechanical properties. However, many bamboo structure projects show that bamboo is susceptible to deterioration in the presence of moisture, which has a serious impact on the use of bamboo structures. Therefore, in applications that can involve wetting, it is necessary to waterproof bamboo. When bamboo is soaked in water, it will undergo a series of chemical changes as it absorbs water. Bamboo is rich in natural phenolic substances, which are easy to oxidize with oxygen in the air when in contact with water. For example, melanin is formed, which may lead to deterioration of bamboo materials. At the same time, nutrients such as starch and pectin in bamboo, as well as components such as hemicellulose in the cell wall, will gradually degrade or dissolve during boiling or soaking, thus gradually reducing the mechanical properties of bamboo (Kushwaha and Kumar 2011; Chen et al. 2019). Tang et al. (2022) heated bamboo treated with tung oil, and the results showed that the treatment of tung oil could enhance the hydrophobicity of bamboo. Piao et al. (2022) used wood wax oil to impregnate and heat treat bamboo, and the results showed that the hydrophobicity of bamboo impregnated with wood wax oil was significantly enhanced at high temperatures. The above research shows that tung oil and wood wax oil can enhance the hydrophobicity of bamboo. However, high temperature treatment costs are higher. Therefore, bamboo was treated with tung oil and wood wax oil at room temperature in this paper. The main work included: (1) The longitudinal tensile properties, longitudinal compressive properties and bending properties of bamboo in different regions were tested, and the probability distribution model of each mechanical property is analyzed; (2) Water soaking tests were conducted on bamboo treated with different waterproofing measures, and the changes of mechanical properties of bamboo treated with different waterproofing measures with the time of water soaking are explored.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
To investigate the effects of different regions and waterproofing measures on the mechanical properties of bamboo, moso bamboo specimens were selected from Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Yunnan provinces of China, and the sampling time was March. To ensure the scientific results of the test, the moso bamboo was selected to ensure that there were no obvious defects, that is, there was no obvious mildew or cracking of the bamboo. In each province, 150 bamboo stalks were selected. In each case, the bottom 5 m were taken for testing, and after cutting, they were transported to the laboratory for air drying treatment for a week. Then, according to JG/T199 (2007) and ISO 22157 (2004), mechanical properties specimens were made and tested. The mechanical properties tested in this test included longitudinal tensile strength (ft), longitudinal tensile elastic modulus (Et), longitudinal compressive strength (fc), longitudinal compressive elastic modulus (Ec), flexural strength (fm), and flexural elastic modulus (Em). The size of the longitudinal tensile specimen was 330 mm × 15 mm × t mm (t is the wall thickness), and the effective section size is 60 mm × 4 mm × t mm. The ratio of height to diameter of the longitudinal compressive specimens was 1 (H/D = 1), and the size of the flexural specimens was 220 mm × 15 mm × t mm. The number of longitudinal tensile, longitudinal compressive and flexural specimens produced in each region is 400. Specimens were divided into control group, tung oil group, and wood wax oil group. The tung oil and wood wax oil were provided by Xiamen Laisho Technology Co., Ltd. Tung oil group and wood wax oil group are soaked in tung oil and wood wax oil for 24 h, and then soaked in water for a week to analyze the mechanical properties after soaking. The number of specimens in each group tested per day was 3. The effects of different waterproofing measures on mechanical properties of bamboo can be clarified through the above tests.
Tests
Mechanical performance tests were conducted in accordance with standards JG/T199 (2007) and ISO 22157 (2004). For the longitudinal tensile test, clamps were first installed at both ends of the specimen to ensure no looseness or slippage between the bamboo specimen and the clamps, thus guaranteeing the accuracy of the test results. A universal testing machine was used to apply tensile force along the parallel-to-grain direction of the specimen at a uniform increasing rate of 0.01 mm/s. The maximum load-bearing capacity at the point of specimen failure was recorded, and the longitudinal tensile strength of the bamboo was calculated based on the cross-sectional area of the specimen. The longitudinal tensile modulus of elasticity was determined by selecting appropriate data points from the stress-strain curve during the elastic deformation stage and applying Hooke’s law. For the longitudinal compressive test, the specimen was first installed on the testing machine, ensuring close contact between the specimen and the machine’s contact surface without any looseness or slippage. The load was then applied at a rate of 0.01 mm/s until failure. The calculation methods for longitudinal compressive strength and modulus of elasticity were consistent with those used in the longitudinal tensile test. The four-point bending method was adopted for the bamboo bending test, with a loading rate of 150 N/mm² per minute.
Data Processing
The data analysis in this paper adopted the Origin 2021 software (OriginLab, Northampton, MA, USA. The formulas for calculating the longitudinal tensile properties of bamboo were as follows,
(1)
(2)
where ft is the longitudinal tensile strength of bamboo (MPa), Pmax is the ultimate load (N), and A is the force area (mm2). Et is the longitudinal tensile elastic modulus of bamboo (GPa), Δσ is the difference of stress corresponding to the upper and lower limits of load in the elastic phase (MPa), and Δε is the difference of strain corresponding to the upper and lower limits of load in the elastic phase.
The formulas for calculating the longitudinal compressive properties of bamboo were as follows,
(3)
(4)
where fc is the longitudinal compressive strength of bamboo (MPa), Pmax is the ultimate load (N), and A is the cross-sectional area (mm2) that was subjected to the force. Ec is the compressive elastic modulus of bamboo (GPa), Δσ is the difference of stress (MPa) corresponding to the upper and lower limits of load, and Δε is the difference of strain corresponding to the upper and lower limits of load.
The formulas for calculating the bending properties of bamboo were as follows,
(5)
(6)
where fm is the bending strength of bamboo (MPa), Pmax is the failure load (N), t is the thickness of the specimen (mm), and hb is the height of the specimen (mm). Em is the bending elastic modulus of bamboo (MPa), ∆P is the difference between the upper and lower loads (N), ∆l is the difference between the deformation values of the specimen under the upper and lower loads (mm), and Δm is the pure deflection value of the specimen under the action of ∆P (mm).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Probability Distribution Model of Mechanical Property Indexes
The mechanical properties of bamboo were statistically analyzed by region, and the results are presented in Table 1. As shown, bamboo exhibited high mechanical properties in the parallel-to-grain direction. The longitudinal tensile strength of bamboo was slightly higher than its bending strength, and both the longitudinal tensile strength and bending strength were approximately twice the longitudinal compressive strength. A comparison of mechanical property values across different provinces reveals that bamboo from Yunnan Province had the highest mechanical properties, followed by Jiangxi Province, with Zhejiang Province having the lowest. This is mainly attributed to Zhejiang Province’s highest rainfall, higher humidity, and consequently, the highest moisture content in bamboo, resulting in the lowest mechanical properties. Figures 1 to 6 illustrate the probability distribution models for various mechanical properties of bamboo, where Normal distribution, Lognormal distribution, and Weibull distribution were used to fit the data. Table 2 presents the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test results for the probability distribution models of bamboo’s mechanical properties.
Table 1. Mechanical Properties Statistics of Bamboo
Table 2. K-S Test Results of Mechanical Properties of Bamboo
According to Table 2, all three typical distribution models showed good fitting results for the longitudinal tensile strength of bamboo from all regions, the longitudinal tensile elastic modulus of bamboo from Jiangxi and Yunnan, the longitudinal compressive strength and elastic modulus of bamboo from Zhejiang, the bending strength of bamboo from Zhejiang and Jiangxi, and the bending elastic modulus of bamboo from all regions. For the longitudinal compressive strength of bamboo from Jiangxi and the bending strength of bamboo from Yunnan, there were two distribution models with good fitting results. For the longitudinal tensile elastic modulus of bamboo from Zhejiang, the longitudinal compressive strength of bamboo from Yunnan, and the longitudinal compressive elastic modulus of bamboo from Jiangxi and Yunnan, there was one distribution model with a good fitting result. Among all mechanical properties, the Weibull model achieved good fitting for all indicators.
Fig. 1. Distribution of ft
Fig. 2. Distribution of Et
Fig. 3. Distribution of fc
Fig. 4. Distribution of Ec
Fig. 5. Distribution of fm
Fig. 6. Distribution of Em
In summary, the mechanical properties of bamboo exhibited significant anisotropy, with large differences between different mechanical properties. There were variations in the mechanical properties of bamboo produced in different regions. The Weibull distribution model provided good fitting for different mechanical properties of bamboo from various regions.
Changes of Mechanical Properties with Time
The specimens were divided into control group, tung oil group, and wood wax oil group to explore the effects of different waterproofing treatments on the mechanical properties of bamboo. This test was conducted for bamboo produced in Yunnan province. The specimens were soaked in water and the mechanical properties were tested once a day, with a test period of 7 days.
Figure 7 shows the change of mechanical properties over time. As the soaking time increased, all mechanical properties exhibited a decline, indicating a deterioration in the mechanical characteristics of bamboo due to an elevation in its water content. Comparing the change law of different groups of specimens, the performance degradation degree of the control group was the highest, followed by the wood wax oil group, and the tung oil group was the lowest.
Through the above analysis, without any treatment of bamboo, the mechanical properties of bamboo will be degraded greatly over the course of time after immersion. The treatment of bamboo with tung oil and wood wax oil can play a certain role in slowing down the decline of mechanical properties, especially the waterproof effect of using tung oil treatment is the most obvious.
Fig. 7. Changes of mechanical properties with time after immersion
Parameter Analysis
The results shown in Fig. 8 were obtained by comparing the initial mechanical properties of bamboo with those on the 7th day. As can be seen from Fig. 8, compared with the initial state, the mechanical properties of bamboo after soaking in water all decreased to a great extent. The mechanical properties of the control group decreased the most, and those of the tung oil group the least. Taking the longitudinal tensile strength as an example, after 7 days of soaking, the strength value of control group decreased 26.8%, the strength value of tung oil group decreased 9.8%, and the strength value of wood wax oil group decreased 24.8%. The above results showed that the mechanical properties of bamboo without waterproofing treatment will decrease greatly, which is unfavorable for engineering applications. Using tung oil or wood wax oil to treat bamboo can slow down the decrease of mechanical properties to a certain extent. The waterproofing effect of bamboo treated with tung oil was obvious. Based on a comprehensive analysis, the average mechanical properties of bamboo in the control group decreased 32.0%, while those in the tung oil group decreased 14.5%, and the wood wax oil group decreased 25.6%. In conclusion, this paper recommends using tung oil for waterproofing treatment of bamboo. This measure is of great significance for the engineering application of bamboo products and bamboo structures.
Tung oil mainly contains the unsaturated fatty acid α-eleostearic acid (accounting for 77% to 82%). The highly unsaturated conjugated system is expected to facilitate rapid oxidative polymerization of tung oil, forming a dense protective film. This film exhibits excellent dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability at room temperature, effectively blocking moisture intrusion (He et al. 2022). When tung oil is applied to the surface of bamboo, it penetrates the bamboo material, fills the intercellular spaces, and rapidly oxidizes and polymerizes in the presence of oxygen. During this process, tung oil not only interacts with components, such as lignin, on the bamboo surface but it also forms a stable oil film within the bamboo material, thereby enhancing its waterproof performance. The waterproof mechanism of tung oil on bamboo is primarily achieved through the waterproof characteristics of its components, penetration, and curing effects, as well as the improvement of bamboo’s microstructure. These effects collectively enhance the waterproof performance of bamboo, enabling it to maintain stability and durability in humid environments.
Based on its composition, tung oil contains natural anti-degradative components. When applied on the surface of an object, it can form a waterproof film, which can effectively prevent water penetration, so it is particularly suitable for outdoor bamboo building waterproof treatment. Wood wax oil is a natural plant extracted wiping agent, mainly composed of refined linseed oil, palm wax, and other natural vegetable oils and plant wax. Although it can also penetrate the inside of the bamboo, forming a protective film to waterproof, the waterproofing effect of painting wood wax oil on bamboo was less effective than that of painting with tung oil.
Through this study, it can be found that the use of tung oil and wood wax oil can play a role in the waterproofing of bamboo, and the waterproofing effect of tung oil was particularly significant. In future research, it is still necessary to explore more reasonable treatment methods of tung oil in order to achieve the purpose of low cost and waterproof performance.
Fig. 8. Comparison of mechanical properties
CONCLUSIONS
- Comparing the mechanical properties of bamboo in different provinces, it was found that the mechanical properties of bamboo in Yunnan Province were the strongest, followed by Jiangxi Province and Zhejiang province.
- After being soaked in water for 7 days, the mechanical properties of bamboo treated by different methods all decreased. The control group experienced the greatest decline, followed by the wood wax oil group, with the tung oil group showing the smallest decline. The average decrease in mechanical properties for the control group was 32.0%, for the tung oil group it was 14.5%, and for the wood wax oil group it was 25.6%. Therefore, it is recommended to use tung oil for the waterproof treatment of bamboo.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful for the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China: [Grant Number 63804091].
REFERENCES CITED
Chen, H., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., Ji, H., Zhong, T., and Wang, G. (2019). “A comparative study of the microstructure and water permeability between flattened bamboo and bamboo culm,” Journal of Wood Science 65(1), 64. DOI:10.1186/s10086-019-1842-0
Chen, Q., Zhang, R., Qin, D., Feng, Z., and Wang, Y. (2018). “Modification of the physical-mechanical properties of bamboo-plastic composites with bamboo charcoal after hydrothermal aging,” BioResources 13(1), 1661-1677. DOI: 10.15376/biores.13.1.1661-1677
Garbaya, H., Jraba, A., Khadimallah, M., and Elaloui, E. (2021). “The development of a new phosphogypsum-based construction material: A study of the physicochemical, mechanical and thermal characteristics,” Materials 14(23), article 7369. DOI: 10.3390/ma14237369
Gauss, C., Harries, K. A., Kadivar, M., Akinbade, Y., and Savastano, H. (2020). “Quality assessment and mechanical characterization of preservative-treated Moso bamboo (P. edulis),” European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 78(2), 257-270. DOI: 10.1007/s00107-020-01508-x
Guan, X., Yin, H., Lin, C., and Zhan, W. (2022). “Effect of layups on the mechanical properties of overlaid laminated bamboo lumber made of radial bamboo slices,” Journal of Wood Science 68(1), article 40. DOI: 10.1186/s10086-022-02047-0
He, L., Zhang, T., Gao, J., Qian, J., Zhao, X., He, Z., and Yi, S. (2022). “Drying characteristics, hygroscopicity, and dimensional stability of natural tung oil dried bamboo,” European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 80(6), 1485-1495. DOI: 10.1007/s00107-022-01866-8
ISO 22157 (2019). “Bamboo structures — Determination of physical and mechanical properties of bamboo culms — Test methods,” International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.
JG/T 199 (2007). “Test method for physical and mechanical properties of bamboo for construction,” Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China.
Kushwaha, P. K., and Kumar, R. (2011). “Influence of chemical treatments on the mechanical and water absorption properties of bamboo fiber composites,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 30(1), 73-85. DOI: 10.1177/0731684410383064
Li, W., Long, Y., Huang, J., and Lin, Y. (2017). “Axial load behavior of structural bamboo filled with concrete and cement mortar,” Construction and Building Materials 148, 273-287. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.061
Lin, F., Chen, Y., and Dai, Z. (2019). “Experimental study on the influence of bamboo joints on stress resistance of bamboo,” Journal of Bamboo 2019(3), 72-77. DOI: 10.19560/j.cnki.issn1000-6567.2019.03.011
Pan, J., Liu, Y., Yuan, X., Xie, J., Niu, J., Fang, H., Wang, B., Liu, W., Deng, W., Kong, F., et al. (2020). “Root litter mixing with that of Japanese cedar altered CO2 emissions from moso bamboo forest soil,” Forests 11(3), article 356. DOI: 10.3390/f11030356
Piao, X., Zhao, Z., Guo, H., Wang, Z., and Jin, C. (2022). “Improved properties of bamboo by thermal treatment with wood wax oil,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 643, article 128807. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128807
Pineda, H., Nasir, V., Semple, J., Smith, G., and Dai, C. (2023). “Cellular structure and property relationship of bamboo under transverse compression,” Industrial Crops and Products 203, article ID 117204. DOI:10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117204
Shu, B., Xiao, Z., Hong, L., Zhang, S., Li, C., Fu, N., and Lu, X. (2020). “Review on the application of bamboo-based materials in construction engineering,” Journal of Renewable Materials 8(10), 1215-1242. DOI: 10.32604/jrm.2020.011263
Skuratov, S., Danilova-Volkovskaya, G., Yanukyan, E., and Beilin, M. (2021). “Bamboo as a unique ecological building material of the XXI century: Bamboo description, bamboo physical and mechanical properties studies,” Materials Science Forum 1043, 149-154. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1043.149
Tang, T., Su, I. Z., and Fei, B. (2022). “The microstructure of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla) with tung oil thermal treatment,” IAWA Journal 43(3), 322-336. DOI: 10.1163/22941932-bja1ooS3
Tian, L., Kou, Y., and Hao, J. (2019). “Axial compressive behaviour of sprayed composite mortar–original bamboo composite columns,” Construction and Building Materials 215, 726-736. DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.234
Wang, Y., Wang, X., Li, Y., Huang, P., Yang, B., Hu, N., and Fu, S. (2020). “High-performance bamboo steel derived from natural bamboo,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13(1), 1431-1440. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18239.s001
Xu, X., Xu, P., Zhu, J., Li, H., and Xiong, Z. (2022). “Bamboo construction materials: Carbon storage and potential to reduce associated CO2 emissions,” Science of the Total Environment 814, article 152697. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152697
Zachariah, E., Sabulal, B., Nair, D., Johnson, A., and Kumar, C. (2016). “Carbon dioxide emission from bamboo culms,” Plant Biology 18(3), 400-405. DOI: 10.1111/plb.12435
Zhao, J., Wan, J., Liu, C., Ren, Z., Wang, Z., Guan, S., Zhang, S., and Zhao, H. (2021). “The study on in situ asymmetric bending behavior of structural bamboo materials under combined tension-bending loads,” SSRN Electronic Journal [Preprint]. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3970700
Zhou, A., Huang, D., Che, S., and Zhang, P. (2012) “Vascular bundle distribution and tensile properties of bamboo,” Journal of Building Materials 15(05), 730-734. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2012.05.028
Zhou, H., Yan, Y., Su, N., Fang, C., Liu, H., Zhang, X., Fei, B., and Ma, X. (2022). “Flexural properties of multiple bamboo beams with connection joints,” Forests 13(11), article 1851. DOI:10.3390/f13111851
Zhou, Q., Li, J., Liu, P., Fu, F., Zhu, H., and Chen, H. (2023). “Study of the tensile properties of the original bamboo sleeve grouting joints,” Journal of Building Engineering 78, article 107708. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107708
Article submitted: October 1, 2024; Peer review completed: November 30, 2024; Revised version received December 3; Accepted: December 18, 2024; Published: January 8, 2025.
DOI: 10.15376/biores.20.1.1794-1806