NC State
BioResources
  • Researchpp 5479-5490Wang, X., Wu, F., Li, C., Chen, M., and Wang, J. (2018). "High quality bio-oil production from catalytic microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine sawdust," BioRes. 13(3), 5479-5490.AbstractArticlePDF

    The catalytic microwave-assisted pyrolysis of pine sawdust using SiC and Ni modified HZSM-5 as microwave absorbent and catalyst for high quality bio-oil production was investigated. The Ni modified HZSM-5 catalyst was successfully prepared through the co-precipitation method and further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface area and pore size analyses. The product yield results showed that Ni modified HZSM-5 catalyst decreased the bio-oil yield and increased the gas yield. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the bio-oil mainly contained alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, furans, and phenolics. The Ni modified HZSM-5 catalyst dramatically decreased the carboxylic acids and ketones content, while it remarkably increased phenolics, especially the phenol content. The physical property analysis showed that the bio-oil with the Ni modified HZSM-5 catalyst had a higher calorific value. Therefore, under microwave-assisted pyrolysis conditions, Ni modified HZSM-5 catalyst had a remarkable effect for improving the quality of bio-oil.

  • Researchpp 5491-5503Curti, R., Marcon, B., Denaud, L., and Collet, R. (2018). "Effect of grain direction on cutting forces and chip geometry during green beech wood machining," BioRes. 13(3), 5491-5503.AbstractArticlePDF

    Proper valorization of the sawing wastes in industrial sawmills is a permanent issue with strong economic and environmental stakes. Most industrial sawmills are equipped with chipper-canter heads reducing the outer part of the logs into chips used in the pulp and paper industry. Optimization in canter use would increase the acceptable proportion of exploitable chips for this industry. With chipper-canters, the cutting direction varies along the cut. This study investigates the impact of the angle formed between the cutting direction and the grain direction on the required cutting force and the chips’ geometry. Orthogonal cutting is conducted to simulate the chipper-canter machining operation on green beech. To lower the cutting forces when machining, aiming for a cutting direction as parallel as possible to the wood fiber is necessary. However, if this angle is too low, the chips’ generated geometries prevent them from a proper valorization of this resource. A compromise with grain direction between 50° to 70° both limits the cutting forces and improves the steadiness of the chip fragmentation.

  • Researchpp 5504-5511Bal, B. (2018). "A comparative study of some of the mechanical properties of pine wood heat treated in vacuum, nitrogen, and air atmospheres," BioRes. 13(3), 5504-5511.AbstractArticlePDF

    The use of heat treatment to modify wood using different treatment heat transfer media, such as nitrogen, vegetable oil, steam, and vacuum, is preferable in many respects to other methods that use chemical treatments. However, the results of the heat treatment differ based on the heat transfer media that are used. In this study, the thermal modification of black pine wood in vacuum, nitrogen, and air atmospheres was studied. The heat treatments were conducted at temperatures of 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C. After the heat treatments, the density, mass loss, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and impact of bending of heat-treated black pine wood were determined. The results indicated that the density, modulus of rupture, and impact of bending decreased as the temperature increased. In addition, the greatest decrease in the mechanical properties of the wood occurred in the test samples that were treated in air. The vacuum atmosphere was least harmful to the mechanical properties of the wood, and the differences in the mechanical properties of the wood that were heat treated in vacuum and nitrogen were unnoticeable.

  • Researchpp 5512-5533Hossain, M., Yi Lian, C., A. A. Islam, M., Sheikh, M., Ching, J., and Voon, L. (2018). "Alumina-supported Cu(II), Co(II), and Fe(II) complexes as catalyst for esterification of biomass-derived levulinic acid with trimethylolpropane (TMP) and pentaerythritol (PE) and upgrading via hydrogenation," BioRes. 13(3), 5512-5533.AbstractArticlePDF

    A polyol-based ester was synthesized from biomass-derived bio-oil for application as a biolubricant. The bio-ester is biodegradable, non-toxic, and does not require mineral oil usage. Levulinic acid (LA), a major component obtained from bio-oil, was used for the catalytic esterification with two types of polyols, i.e., trimethylolpropane (TMP) and pentaerythritol (PE), in the presence of alumina-supported Cu(II), Co(II), and Fe(II) complexes as catalysts. Alumina-supported Cu(II), Co(II), and Fe(II) complexes [Cu(Tyr)(GA)]Cl-alumina, [Co(Tyr)(Amp)]Cl-alumina, and [Fe(Tyr)(Amp)]Cl-alumina were synthesized by the reaction of ligands [L-tyrosine (Tyr), Gallic acid (GA), and 2-aminopyridine (Amp)] with metal chloride salts. The catalysts were characterized by elemental analyses (CHN), magnetic susceptibility, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Catalytic performances of the synthesized complexes were investigated via esterification of levulinic acid with trimethylolpropane and pentaerythritol. In addition, the two best catalysts, [Cu(Tyr)(GA)]Cl and [Co(Tyr)(Amp)]Cl-alumina, were further employed for the in situ hydrogenation of levulinate esters at 120 °C to 130 °C and 7 bar to 8 bar H2 pressure for upgrading in a specially designed reactor. The alumina-supported catalysts were active, reusable, and exhibited their efficiency as heterogeneous catalysts for esterification and hydrogenation reactions for synthesizing ester-based oils.

  • Researchpp 5534-5542Guo, Y., Zhang, M., Xie, Y., Chen, H., and Xiao, Z. (2018). "Effect of thermal treatment on the heat of vaporization of bound water by NMR and DSC analysis," BioRes. 13(3), 5534-5542.AbstractArticlePDF

    The vaporized heat of bound water in radiata pine wood sapwood, which was thermally treated at 200 °C, via N2 protection for 24 h, were studied using low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LFNMR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The bound water was divided into two states using LFNMR, which were absorbed water bonded with cell wall polymers and condensed bound water in the micro-pores of cell wall, respectively. The mass of the two states of bound water vaporized during DSC test was calculated based on the total mass of bound water vaporized and the moisture content of different water states in the water-saturated sapwood obtained, respectively. The reduction of moisture during DSC test was monitored synchronously using thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed thermal treatment decreased the spin-spin time (T2) of absorbed bound water and increased T2 of condensed bound water. The moisture content of the two states of bound water was reduced by thermal treatment. The vaporized heat of the bonded bound water was increased and that of the condensed bound water was reduced, which agreed with the change of T2 in the LFNMR experiment. The results suggest that bound water in the thermal treated wood is easier to vaporize when the relative humidity condition is more than 60%.

  • Researchpp 5543-5553Zhang, C., He, C., and Qiao, Y. (2018). "Lower-temperature pyrolysis to prepare biochar from agricultural wastes and adsorption for Pb2+," BioRes. 13(3), 5543-5553.AbstractArticlePDF

    Many agricultural activities generate large quantities of biomass wastes. Using these wastes to produce value-added products or energy has become very important in recent years. Heavy metals such as lead are among the most toxic chemical water pollutants from natural or anthropogenic sources. The goals of this work were to prepare three biochars from maize straw (BMS), sunflower straw (BSS), and wheat straw (BWS) under partial limited oxygen condition and to characterize their ability to adsorb Pb2+ from water. The sorption kinetics as well as the influence of solution pH and Pb2+ concentration was investigated. The three biochars had a good performance for Pb2+ adsorption. A greater adsorption efficiency was observed for BMS and BSS than for BWS. The physico-chemical properties of the biochars showed that the adsorption performance was correlated with preparation conditions, raw material types, higher total porosity, and micro-structure.

  • Researchpp 5554-5568Atykyan, N., Kadimaliev, D., Revin, V., and Levina, E. (2018). "Isolation, purification, and investigation of some properties of glucose oxidase of the wood-degrading fungus Lentinus (Panus) tigrinus strain VKM F-3616D," BioRes. 13(3), 5554-5568.AbstractArticlePDF

    The activity and some properties of glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) of the wood-degrading fungus Lentinus (Panus) tigrinus VKM F-3616D were studied. The results showed that 12 days of dynamic liquid-phase cultivation increased the activity and the biosynthetic levels of the enzyme with maximal activity at day 6. After 6 days, a decrease in the glucose oxidase activity was observed. The enzyme isolated via ion exchange chromatography had an optimal pH of 4.0 and a temperature optimum of 50 °C. Spectrophotometry, fluorescence analysis, and IR Fourier spectroscopy showed that the enzyme was a flavoprotein and that its prosthetic group contains flavin adenine dinucleotide. The relative kinetic parameters of the enzyme were determined: the Michaelis constant (Km) was 4.1 x 10-3 M, and the maximal rate of the enzymatic reaction (Vmax) was 0.36 IU. Results of electrophoresis in native and denaturing conditions were consistent with an enzyme structure having two equal subunits with a total molecular mass of approximately 160 kDa.

  • Researchpp 5569-5579Yang, X., He, C., Yan, H., Wang, M., and Zhao, L. (2018). "Effect of three different mineral components on the properties of wood flour/high-density polyethylene composites: A comparison," BioRes. 13(3), 5569-5579.AbstractArticlePDF

    To investigate the properties of wood flour/high-density polyethylene composites (WF/HDPE) filled with different kinds of mineral components (CaCO3, talc powder, and wollastonite), WF/HDPE was prepared via a molding method. The thermal properties of WF/HDPE were analyzed with a comprehensive thermal analyzer, and the mechanical properties were measured. The moisture resistance was indicated by 24 h water absorption. The results indicated that both the mechanical and physical properties of WF/HDPE samples were improved remarkably by adding CaCO3, talc powder, or wollastonite. The tensile strength with talc powder was 83% higher than the composites without the additive. The maximum residual weight of the composites with added talc powder was 21.8% at 600 °C, which was 7.47% higher than that of the composites without additive. The composites with added talc powder exhibited better water resistance. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the addition of talc powder enhanced the interaction between the components.

  • Researchpp 5580-5597Lenske, A., Müller, T., Hauptmann, M., and Majschak, J. (2018). "New method to evaluate the frictional behavior within the forming gap during the deep drawing process of paperboard," BioRes. 13(3), 5580-5597.AbstractArticlePDF

    To evaluate the influence of different normal forces and contact temperatures on the frictional behavior of paperboard during the deep drawing process, a new measurement punch was developed to measure the normal force, which induced the friction within the gap between the forming cavity and punch. The resulting dynamic coefficient of friction was calculated and reproduced via a new developed substitute test for the friction measurement device, which was first introduced in Lenske et al. (2017). The normal force within the forming gap during the deep drawing process was influenced by the blankholder force profile, the contact temperature, and the fiber direction. The friction measurements with the substitute test showed a strong dependency between the applied normal force and the dynamic coefficient of friction. Furthermore the frictional behavior was influenced by the contact temperature and the wrinkle formation.

  • Researchpp 5598-5607Jiang, W., Liu, S., Zhou, C., Gao, S., Song, Y., Li, W., Zhu, W., Lv, Y., and Han, G. (2018). "Preparation of nanocellulose directly from kenaf bast: The change in particle size," BioRes. 13(3), 5598-5607.AbstractArticlePDF

    Producing nanocellulose from lignocellulosic plants is difficult but can be achieved with microwave-assisted treatment. However, the changes in dimensions during the process have not been investigated thoroughly. In this study, kenaf bast was used to produce cellulose nanofibers using microwave, chemical, and ultrasonic treatments. Fiber sizes were monitored throughout the experiment using an optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The kenaf single fiber cells were also isolated and measured. The results showed that the duration of microwave treatment notably influenced the destruction of kenaf fibers, and the concentration of NaOH in the chemical treatment had only a limited effect on the reduction of kenaf particle size. Both the microwave and chemical treatments were able to destruct the kenaf fibers longitudinally, and the ultrasonic treatment was able to reduce cellulose particles from micro-size to nano-size.

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