Volume 19 Issue 1

Low-calorie orange marmalade was produced using sugar and reb A (0.08%) or reb A-sugar free recipes with pectin (1%) and agar agar (AA) (1%) stabilizers. The physical, chemical, and sensory properties of the marmalades were evaluated. AA stabilizers increased the viscosity of the marmalades compared to pectin, but they did not affect samples with reb A. Low-calorie samples had higher L* and b* values and lower a* values than sugar-containing samples. Total sugar content in reb A samples was 8.30 to 9.28 g/100 g, and it was lower in agar samples produced in parallel with pectin. The hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) value was lower in sugar-free recipes (3.03 to 3.62) than in sugar-containing samples. Pectin-reb A samples had favorable taste, while AA-reb A samples favored consistency among reb A-containing samples.

Good drainage of the pulp suspension is vitally important for stable papermaking. Although the addition of lignocellulosic nanofibers (LNFC) in pulp could highly reinforce the end paper sheets, the application of LNFC could diminished the pulp drainage. To solve this problem, the impact of the zeolite-chitosan and bentonite-chitosan microparticle drainage aid systems on the LNFC-reinforced recycled pulp was systematically investigated. Results indicated that the mentioned microparticle systems improved the drainage and retention especially in applying 1% chitosan with 0.3% zeolite. In mechanical properties, applying the microparticle systems, not only did not deteriorate these properties, but also improved most of them, especially in treatment containing zeolite-chitosan. It seems that the improved pulp drainage and the mechanical properties of the end papers was due to successful mission of microparticle system and synergistic interactions of pulp fibres, LNFC, chitosan, and zeolite, which could also lead to denser and more uniform structure of handsheets.

Soil microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is a key parameter controlling the short-term carbon (C) cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. The effect of urea application (156 kg N ha^-1) and corn stalks returning (9.0 tons ha^-1) on soil microbial CUE and corn yield in semi-arid cropland was studied using the ¹⁸O-labeled water approach during a one-year experiment. In semi-arid cropland, applying urea reduced soil microbial CUE by 44%, while the soil microbial CUE was increased significantly by 34% after returning corn stalks to the field. The application of urea increased the total nitrogen content of soil by 23%, and corn stalks returning further increased nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^–-N) by 45%, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 53%, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) by 122%. Compared with no fertilization, urea application increased the corn height by 4% and the corn yield by 21%. Corn stalks returning combined with urea reduced the corn stalks by 37% compared with no fertilizer. There was no significant difference in corn yield between corn stalks returning combined with urea and single urea application. Therefore, corn stalks returning combined with urea may be an effective agronomic measure to increase soil carbon sequestration, improve soil fertility, maintain corn yield, restore soil fertility, and improve production capacity.

A series of physical softness models were developed for facial tissue products. To this end, subjective softness data were obtained by panelists by means of round-robin pair-comparison methods. Overall softness was found to mainly consist of bulk and surface softness. Bulk softness was determined by measuring the tensile modulus (TM) from tensile testing. In contrast, the surface softness considered the mean absolute deviation (RMAD) from the roughness average (R_a) and the mean absolute deviation (FMAD) from the average coefficient of friction ( ), respectively, which were determined by profilometry. The developed models exhibited strong correlations with subjective softness. In particular, surface softness was found to contribute more to the overall softness than bulk softness. Overall, the developed models can serve as guidance for developing tissue products.

The influence of torrefaction temperature on the durability, combustion characteristics, and emissions of CO, CO₂, NOX, and particulate matter (PM) from biomass pellets was studied. The pellets were torrefied under inert conditions at 225, 250, and 300 °C for 60 min. Physical properties, such as weight loss, fines percentage, pellet durability index (PDI), and water absorption, were evaluated using ISO standards. The weight loss increased with higher torrefaction temperatures. Torrefied pellets had lower water absorption than untreated pellets. Fines percentage increased with torrefaction temperature while PDI decreased. Torrefied pellets at 300 °C had the lowest PDI (82.7%), while 225 °C had the highest (98.0%). The energy density and heating values increased with torrefaction temperature from 22.0 MJ/kg at 225 °C to 29.9 MJ/kg at 300 °C compared to 18.9 MJ/kg for untorrefied pellets. There were reductions in CO, CO₂, and NOX emissions with an increase in torrefaction temperature while PM slightly reduced. This study found that torrefied biomass pellets had lower CO₂ emissions than raw pellets.

This study assessed the efficacy of mild-alkaline extraction from P. radiata bark in obtaining proanthocyanidin (PA)-rich extracts. When the bark was treated with three types of bases—Na₂CO₃, NaHCO₃, and NaOH—at varying concentrations, the extract yields increased with higher concentrations. When the pH of the extracts exceeded 7, the PA content and antioxidant activity were remarkably reduced. This result suggests that the pH holds a greater effect in the alkaline extraction of the bark rather than the type of base used. Among the bases used, NaHCO₃ was selected and the extraction conditions of pine bark were examined at a concentration where the pH of the extract did not exceed 7. The extraction time during mild-alkaline extraction using 0.2% NaHCO₃ was reduced compared to water-only extraction at the same temperature. Moreover, the extract yields were over 10% higher than those of water extraction, and the dried extracts exhibited good solubility in water. The mild-alkaline extracts were characterized using FT-IR and ¹³C NMR spectroscopic techniques, and acidic alcoholysis. Analyses of the spectra of the mild-alkaline extracts showed similarities to that of pure PA and hot water extract. This result indicated that PA in the bark was not significantly affected during mild-alkaline extraction.

The evaluation and classification of chemical properties in different copy-paper products could significantly help address document forgery. This study analyzes the feasibility of utilizing infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with machine learning algorithms for classifying copy-paper products. A dataset comprising 140 infrared spectra of copy-paper samples was collected. The classification models employed in this study include partial least squares-discriminant analysis, support vector machine, and K-nearest neighbors. The key findings indicate that a classification model based on the use of attenuated-total-reflection infrared spectroscopy demonstrated good performance, highlighting its potential as a valuable tool in accurately classifying paper products and ensuring assisting in solving criminal cases involving document forgery.

The effect of expanded vermiculite (e-VMT) was evaluated relative to the physical, mechanical, and flame retardancy performance of flat-pressed wood plastic composites (WPCs). Various contents of e-VMT (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15%) were added instead of wood flour (WF) to the matrix. Due to the hydrophilic nature of the WF, water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) of WPCs increased as compared to neat polymer-based panels. Meanwhile, e-VMT incorporation limited the WA and TS values. As expected, the lowest WA and TS values were obtained from the highest e-VMT-reinforced WPCs. The addition of e-VMT was also found to enhance the mechanical properties of WPCs. As the e-VMT content increased and the WF content decreased, there was an improvement in flexural strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and tensile strength. Compared to the neat polymer panels, the MOE of WPCs increased by up to 77%. Additionally, the flame retardancy performance of WPCs improved with e-VMT reinforcement, with limiting oxygen index (LOI) values increasing up to 24%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images also demonstrated the favorable integration of e-VMT with matrix, thereby improving the mechanical properties. The inconsistency between WF and polymer was also well-observed, highlighting the tendency of WF to interact easily with water.

Modification of activated carbon has the potential to improve its adsorption and separation capacity. Different concentrations of ammonia (6%, 9%, 12%, 15%) and treatment times (4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h) were used to modify jujube shell carbon and coconut shell carbon in ultrasonic washing equipment. Biogas adsorption experiments were carried out with modified activated carbon to study the effect of adsorption and decarbonization on activated carbon surface functional groups. After modification, the surface alkaline functional groups of activated carbon increased, the acidic functional groups decreased, and the adsorption performance of CO₂ was enhanced. In addition, the specific surface area and total pore volume of activated carbon decreased, the average pore size increased, and the degree of graphitization increased. In the experimental research range, under ultrasonic conditions, jujube shell carbon impregnated with 12% ammonia water for 4 h and coconut shell carbon impregnated with 9% ammonia water for 10 h had the best modification effect. The adsorption capacity for CO₂ was 1.83 and 1.745 mmol/g, respectively, which increased by 0.8 mmol/g and 0.599 mmol/g, respectively, compared with the unmodified sample.

Four typical forest types in Sygera Mountain, namely, Pinus armandii (PA), Picea likiangensis var. linzhiensis (PLL), Abies georgei var. smithii (AGS), and Juniperus saltuaria (JS) were considered using methods such as analysis of variance and stoichiometry. Effects of changes of nutrient content and stoichiometric ratio of various organs of arbor plants were evaluated. Compared with global plant nutrients, this study area had lower N and P contents. The growth of the Juniperus saltuaria forest was jointly restricted by N and P, and as the environmental gradient decreased, the growth of the other three forest types changed from N and P joint restrictions to N restrictions. The distribution order of element content in various organs among different forest types was consistent as follows: leaf>branch>root>trunk. There was a strong domestication reaction between N and P contents. This led to a significantly higher C/N ratio of the square branch Berlin compared to the other three forest types, while the C/P and N/P ratios were opposite. This may be due to the “optimal allocation principle” of nutrients in various organs under different environmental conditions. The nutrient allocation patterns of plant organs in different forest types were not the same, which reflects the differences in life strategies and nutrient utilization among different forest species.