NC State
BioResources
  • Researchpp 6123-6130Özkan, O. E. (2022). "Effect of freezing temperature on impact bending strength and shore-D hardness of some wood species," BioResources 17(4), 6123-6130.AbstractArticlePDF

    Wood is exposed to variable environmental conditions during its use. Low temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the behavior of wood in use. Contrary to other mechanical properties, there are not enough studies on how the impact bending strength is affected during freezing of wood. This study evaluated the effect of various freezing temperatures (-20, -40, -78.5, and -196 °C) on the impact bending strengths of beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky), Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), fir (Abies nordmanniana subsp. bornmulleriana), and spruce (Picea orientalis L.) wood in comparison with non-frozen wood (+20 °C). During the freezing, the impact bending strength generally increased in softwood species but decreased in hardwood. The highest drop in impact bending strength value of -30.6% was found at -196 °C for beech wood. For this reason, precautions should be taken when using beech wood at ultra-low temperatures, due to substantial decreases in impact bending strength values. The good impact bending strength properties of the softwood while frozen allows application in low temperature environments.

  • Researchpp 6131-6147Kasangana, P. B., Auclair, N., Daassi, R., Durand, K., Rodrigue, D., and Stevanovic, T. (2022). "Impact of pre-extraction on xylose recovery from two lignocellulosic agro-wastes," BioResources 17(4), 6131-6147.AbstractArticlePDF

    A dilute acid hydrolysis of rice husk (RH), wheat straw (WS), and their extractive-free residues was investigated with the objective of recovering the highest yield of xylose while keeping at minimum its conversion into furfural. The hydrolysis conditions were determined for different concentrations of sulfuric acid and different reaction times at 121 °C. The pre-extraction with ethanol-water (1:1, v/v) was also examined as a parameter. Using response surface methodology, the optimum conditions for xylose production were identified as 1.8% of acid and 41.4 min of hydrolysis time for RH, while those for its counterpart EF-RH (extractives-free rice husks) were 1.0% acid concentration, for 60 min. The same conditions were also predicted for WS and its EF-WS. Under these conditions, the xylose yield was 79.6%, 82.8%, 94.3%, and 88.6% for RH, EF-RH, WS, and EF-RW, respectively. Under these conditions the minimal furfural yields obtained were 1.2% and 1.3% for RH and EF-RH, and 0.8% and 1.5%, for WS and EF-WS, respectively. These results suggested that the pre-extraction step before the acid hydrolysis affected, at least in part, the xylose recovery from RH, but it was not necessary for a better xylose yield of WS for its bioconversion into valuable bioproducts like xylitol.

  • Researchpp 6148-6157Niini, A., Tanninen, P., Leminen, V., Jönkkäri, I., and Horttanainen, M. (2022). "Press-forming molded pulp from repulped liquid packaging board: Role of heat input, pressing force, and defect formation," BioResources 17(4), 6148-6157.AbstractArticlePDF

    Laboratory sheets were prepared from repulped liquid packaging board (LPB) for press-forming experiments and tensile tests to study convertibility and mechanical properties of molded pulp material developed from the repulped LPB. Maximum forming depth was utilized as a convertibility indicator, and defect formation in press-formed molded pulp samples was observed with a visual analysis. Female mold temperature and pressing force were altered among press-forming parameters. The results showed that the laboratory sheets had a limited convertibility. The fragile structure of the laboratory sheets was connected to negative effects from the presence of plastic particles in the material. Increased heat input and decreased pressing force improved the convertibility, and the defect formation during the press-forming was aggravated by flattening of the material in flange and bottom regions of the samples. The use of repulped LPB as the raw material in the manufacturing of molded pulp by press-forming was found viable, and the presented solution offers an ecological alternative to conventional recycling of LPB.

  • Researchpp 6158-6177Liu, Y., Long, J., Chen, J., Song, X., and Jia, W. (2022). "Creep behavior of orthogonal rib box floor of poplar laminated veneer lumber," BioResources 17(4), 6158-6177.AbstractArticlePDF

    Poplar laminated veneer lumber (LVL) orthogonal rib box floor is a new type of floor composed of orthogonal LVL rib beams and oriented strand board (OSB). To study the creep performance of the box floor, four 3600 mm × 4800 mm floor specimens were designed and manufactured. The creep tests of the box floor with local damage, repeated load, and different stress ratio loads were conducted. The creep of the floor increased with ambient temperature and humidity. Because of the local damage of the box floor, the creep increased. Repeated loading increased the creep deformation of the floor, and increasing the load accelerated the creep of the floor. Combined with the creep mechanism of wood materials, a creep theoretical calculation formula of the box floor with LVL orthogonal ribs was established. Comparing the creep model analysis with the test data, it was found that the modified Burger mode can well simulate the creep performance of LVL box floor. Therefore, the modified Burger model can be used to calculate the creep deformation of the box floor.

  • Researchpp 6178-6190Adutwum, J. O., and Matsumura, J. (2022). "Spatiotemporal variation and covariation of heartwood color in planted teak wood from Ghana," BioResource 17(4), 6178-6190.AbstractArticlePDF

     

    Heartwood color is a complex trait that affects the economic and aesthetic value of the wood but is highly variable. How the color of the heartwood varies spatially and temporally is poorly understood. To illustrate how heartwood color varies within a tree, two opposite aspects of wood within the same tree, representing differential growth rate, were used to model the long-short axis system jointly. The color of the heartwood on the long and the short axis was considered to be two different traits. By jointly modeling the long and short axes, the correlation was examined between aspect (spatial) and contemporaneous correlations (within aspect). Spatial and temporal correlations and their interactions describe the indirect physiological, genetic, and environmental changes in wood formation with time and position in the trunk. Spatial correlations were consistently lower than temporal correlations but were positive and significant. Between the heartwood color parameters, b* showed a relatively higher spatial correlation. The results suggest that there is a spatial correlation in the long-short axis for all color parameters and in the two surfaces. Variations between aspects were not statistically significant for any color parameter. The bivariate mixed model method revealed hidden physics behind heartwood color formation. Models need to be developed to account for both spatial and temporal dependence in studies of wood property change.

  • Researchpp 6191-6202Zhou, X., Guo, H., Wang, S., Yu, L., Li, H., and Yang, Z. (2022). "Performance testing of modified waterborne polyurethane coating applied on laminated bamboo," BioResources 17(4), 6191-6202.AbstractArticlePDF

    The effects of different UV absorbents and preservatives on the weatherability of modified waterborne polyurethane (WPU) printed laminated bamboo were investigated. Three types of UV absorbents including 2-hydroxy-4-n-octoxy-benzophenone (UV-531), 2-(2 H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3 tetramethylbutyl) phenol (UV-329), and nano-TiO2, and four types of preservatives including boric acid (BA), borax (BX), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) were selected to modify WPU coatings. The printed laminated bamboo was tested to evaluate the coating physical and chemical properties and dimensional stability. Thirteen coating types were tested. The results showed that the 0 (20% WPU), 5 (UV-531-BA/BX), 6 (UV-531-BA/BX/APP), 7 (UV-531-BA/BX/DOT), 8 (UV-531-BA/BX/APP/DOT), and 9 (nano-TiO2/BA/BX) samples performed well in adhesion, abrasion resistance, hardness, and temperature denaturation. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra analyses and dimensional stability analysis were carried out on the six kinds of coatings screened out. FT-IR spectra analyses showed the successful introduction of UV light absorbers and flame retardants, whereas test results of hygroscopicity showed that the coated test material improved the dimensional stability performance. Test material 8(UV-531-BA/BX/APP/DOT) had the best dimensional stability performance.

  • Researchpp 6203-6221Wang, H., Wu, J., Han, B., and Fang, Y. (2022). "Coordination mechanism of wooden furniture supply chains with consideration of carbon footprint," BioResources 17(4), 6203-6221.AbstractArticlePDF

    This study emphasizes a three-level wooden furniture supply chain, which involves one supplier, one manufacturer, and one retailer. Focusing on maximizing the profit of the supply chain while adhering to low-carbon principles, the Three-level Leader-follower Game (TLG) model, Stackelberg Game Model I (SGI model), Stackelberg Game Model II (SGlI model), and Cooperative Decision-making (CD) model were established by using game theory. The carbon emission reduction cost and benefit sharing contract was introduced into the model with the maximum profit, and the ranges of sharing coefficients for a solid wood bed supply chain and the optimal decision-making process for each supply chain member were discussed. Results showed that the profit for the solid wood bed supply chain reached maximum under the CD model, followed by the SGII model, and then the SGI model, and the TLG model showed the lowest profit. A higher preference for low-carbon products can lead to lower demand for products and higher retail prices. Through introducing the cost and benefit-sharing contract into the CD model, the profit of the supply chain can be guaranteed with different sharing coefficients, and the profit of each member was improved compared to the TLG model.

  • Researchpp 6222-6233Jo, H. M., Kim, D. H., Lee, S. H., and Lee, J. Y. (2022). "Multi-layer barrier coating technology using nano-fibrillated cellulose and a hydrophobic coating agent," BioResources 17(4), 6222-6233.AbstractArticlePDF

    A multi-layer barrier coating technology was developed using nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) alongside a hydrophobic, paraffin-free biowax for manufacturing an eco-friendly functional packaging paper. Anionic NFC was prepared by isolating hardwood-bleached kraft pulp (Hw-BKP) using a micro-grinder, and cationic NFC was prepared by the quaternization reaction of the anionic NFC. Thereafter, a three-layer barrier-coated paper was manufactured using cationic and anionic NFCs and biowax. The air permeability and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the three-layer barrier-coated paper were measured, and its coverage and coating layer structure were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The air permeability of the three-layer barrier-coated paper was more than 15,000 s and those WVTR was 67.1 g/m2/day. Its coverage and surface were considerably uniform and smooth. Thick and effective barrier coating layers were formed as indicated by SEM images. Therefore, it was concluded that a multi-layer barrier-coated paper with considerably high barrier properties could be produced using cationic and anionic NFCs with high gas barrier properties and biowax with high moisture barrier properties. Further, the structure could be used as a functional packaging paper with high barrier properties.

  • Researchpp 6234-6244Kováč, J., Melicherčík, J., Krilek, J., Kuvik, T., and Gregor, I. (2022). "Innovative solutions for increasing the service life of cutting head components using finite element method analysis," BioResources 17(4), 6234-6244.AbstractArticlePDF

    Chipless tree cutting is increasingly becoming more popular because of its low weight and greater throughput due to the small dimensions of the entire cutting head. This paper is focused on the design of the crank plate of the cutting mechanism of a chipless cutting head. It was necessary to calculate the magnitude of the force required to cut the tree in the direction perpendicular to the growth of the tree fibers. In addition, the tree and cutting mechanism parameters were specified. Due to the size of the cutting force, it was possible to further deduce the amount of the discharge force from the linear motor that directly acts on the opening of the crank plate. After finite element method analysis, it was found that the crank plate was undersized and it was necessary to increase its thickness from 15 mm to 30 mm, which eliminated the problem of plastic deformation.

  • Researchpp 6245-6261Akkuş, M. (2022). "Hybrid composite board produced from wood and mineral stone wool fibers," BioResources 17(4), 6245-6261.AbstractArticlePDF

     

    Wood fiberboards are used extensively, mainly in the fields of furniture production, interior fittings, construction, etc. Mineral stone wool materials are used for heat and sound insulation in the construction industry. This study aimed to produce a new hybrid-based composite material by mixing fibers obtained from wood and mineral stone wool. For this purpose, hybrid fiberboards with 50, 40, 30, and 20% stone wool addition and a fiberboard group consisting of 100% pine and beech fibers (control sample) were produced in a hot press using thermoset-based urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde resins. Statistical comparisons of the results were made for values of density, thickness swelling, and water absorption extents after 24 h immersion, bending strength and modulus of elasticity in bending, tensile strength perpendicular to the board surface (internal bond strength), and time to ignition (TTI) analysis. Additionally, percentage of mass loss (PML), average heat release rate (A-HRR), average effective heat of combustion (A-EHC), and mass loss rate (MLR) were studied. The results showed that as the stone wool content in the produced boards increased, the mechanical properties and thickness swelling decreased. The combustion results showed that the combustion resistance of the boards increased with increasing stone wool ratio.

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