NC State
BioResources
  • Researchpp 3357-3372Zhang, Z., Ma, Y., Qin, C., Liu, X., Li, X., Huang, H., and Yao, S. (2023). “Quantitative determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in oily sludge following efficient n-heptane separation,” BioResources 18(2), 3357-3372.AbstractArticlePDF

    Accurate analysis of the main chemical components of oil-bearing sludge is an important prerequisite for effective soil remediation and resource reuse. However, precise analysis of the extract components is difficult to achieve because of the mutual interference of saturates, aromatics, and resins, collectively called SAR, and asphaltene that are introduced during chloroform extraction. In this study, SAR was efficiently extracted using n-heptane, while asphaltene components were retained in soil because of their insolubility in n-heptane. The maximum yield of SAR extraction was 27.0%, indicating an increase of 1.75% compared to chloroform extraction. The extracted SAR components were separated by chromatography and the main structural units and components were analyzed. The results show that saturates, aromatics, and resins have a single component, a high content of major components, and contain fewer impurities using n-heptane extraction. Moreover, the solubility of asphaltene was inhibited during the effective extraction of SAR components with n-heptane and did not influence the subsequent analysis of SAR component. Efficient SAR extraction, accurate SAR component analysis, and high efficiency asphaltene separation was achieved using n-heptane-extraction-assisted pyrolysis. This provides a new method for the component analysis of oily sludge and promotes its efficient separation.

  • Researchpp 3373-3386Yang, X., Jiang, H., Ma, L., Yang, W., Zhao, X., Hu, C., and Ge, Z. (2023). “Micro image classification of 19 high-value hardwood species based on texture feature fusion,” BioResources 18(2), 3373-3386.AbstractArticlePDF

    For classification of wood species with similar microstructure, 19 high-value hardwood species of Papilionaceae, Ebenaceae, and Caesalpiniaceae were used as experimental objects. Images of transverse sections, radial sections, and tangential sections were collected by Micro CT. Local binary patterns (LBP) are often used for feature extraction. LBP deformed forms such as uniform LBP, rotation-invariant LBP, and rotation-invariant uniform LBP were fused with Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) to form three fusion features. The fusion features were combined with support vector machine (SVM) or BP neural network to realize wood classification. The texture feature fusion method was found to be better than the single feature classification. Among them, the effect of uniform LBP and GLCM fusion was the best, and the classification accuracy combined with SVM was the highest. The evaluation of the classification of 19 kinds of hardwood mainly depended on transverse sections, and its accuracy was higher than that of the radial and tangential sections. Therefore, the classification results of transverse sections should be taken as the main evaluation basis for the classification of the 19 high-value hardwood species.

  • Researchpp 3387-3399Hamdan, S., Said, K. A. M., Rahman, M. R., Sawawi, M., and Sinin, A. E. (2023). “Gambus Hadhramaut: The Malaysian malay lute tuning retrieval,” BioResources 18(2), 3387-3399.AbstractArticlePDF

    This study identified elements in a simple homemade gambus from a local crafter using a scientific approach. The gambus was made from geronggang wood (Cratoxylum arborescens), a light Malaysian hardwood with pink sapwood, distinct from the heartwood with brick-red or deep pink. The sound was processed to generate fast Fourier transform (FFT) and time-frequency analysis (TFA) using PicoScope and Adobe Audition software, respectively. The gambus A 1st string (note C4#) displayed a harmonic overtone at the 1st and 2nd octave. The 2nd string (note A3) showed harmonic overtone at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd octave. The 3rd string (note D3#) showed a significant fundamental peak and harmonic overtone at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th octave. The 4th string (note A2#) displayed consistent harmonic overtones at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th octave. The 5th string (note E2) had a harmonic overtone at the 5th octave. Gambus A showed an inconsistent signal in the 6th string (note D2#) with inharmonic overtone at 3.35th and 6.79th overtones. The gambus A 1st to 6th strings are C4#, A3, D3#, A2#, E2, and D2#, respectively.  The gambus B 1st to 6th strings are C4, G3, D3, A3, E3, and B2, respectively.

  • Researchpp 3400-3412Kang, L. H., Seo, Y. B., and Han, J. S. (2023). “Producing flexible calcium carbonate from waste paper and their use as fillers for high bulk paper,” BioResources 18(2), 3400-3412.AbstractArticlePDF

    Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was prepared from post-consumer old corrugated container (OCC) material, which was first disintegrated in water, cleaned to remove impurities, and then fibrillated by grinding. Those processed MFCs were treated with in-situ formation of calcium carbonate by adding calcium oxide and injecting carbon dioxide into the mixture up to the ratio of 1:40 (MFC : calcium carbonate) by weight. The MFCs had a dark brown color initially but turned into high brightness materials similar to commercial ground calcium carbonate (GCC) after the in-situ formation process. The MFCs that had calcium carbonate attached on their surfaces, which were lengthy and flexible, were called flexible calcium carbonate from OCC (FCCO). Paper containing FCCO gave higher bulk, higher stiffness, and higher tensile index without lowering smoothness when compared to the paper containing commercial GCC. However, brightness was slightly lowered because of initial low brightness of the OCC. This study also demonstrated the feasibility to substitute wood fibers up to 5% with FCCO without lowering essential properties for printing paper. Benefits of the waste paper are savings of both wood resources and production cost.

  • Researchpp 3414-3439Sismanoglu, S., Akalin, M. K., Akalin, G. O., and Topak, F. (2023). “Effective removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions by using black cumin (Nigella sativa) seed pulp and biochar,” BioResources 18(2), 3414-3439.AbstractArticlePDF

    Black cumin seed pulp (C), as well as biochar (CC) produced via pyrolysis of black cumin seed pulp were used to remove methylene violet 2B (MV) and basic yellow 28 (BY28) from aqueous solution. Adsorption isotherms and kinetics were applied at 10, 25, and 35 °C. The adsorption of methylene violet 2B and basic yellow 28 on the black cumin seed pulp and biochar surface was exothermic; the heat of adsorption values were lower than 0. The adsorption capacities of BY28-C, BY28-CC, MV-C, and MV-CC were 212.8, 625, 164, and 909 mg g-1 at 25 °C, respectively. The adsorption of black cumin seed pulp and biochar data were examined with the Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), and Flory-Huggins (F-H) isotherm models. The kinetics of the adsorption were fitted to the pseudo first-order and pseudo second order equations. The pseudo second order equation gave a better fit than the pseudo first-order equation.

  • Researchpp 3440-3451Lima, L. V. L., de Castro, V. R., Surdi, P. G., Zanuncio, A. J. V., Zanuncio, J. C., Carneiro, A. C. O., Gominho, J., and Araújo, S. O. (2023). “Properties of Pinus sp. pellets prepared after in-line pre-compaction with torrefaction,” BioResources 18(2), 3440-3451.AbstractArticlePDF

    Pelletizing and torrefaction increase biomass energy density, generating a more homogeneous fuel with lower moisture, enabling it to burn in equipment with high energy efficiency. This work evaluated the quality of pellets made from wood particles that had been densified and torrefied in an extruder-type system. Particles of the Pinus sp. wood were torrefied at 200, 250, and 300 °C for six minutes and then compacted to produce pellets. The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of these pellets were evaluated and compared with standard ones. Torrefaction modified the pellets properties by increasing ash, fixed carbon, higher heating value, and the energy density, while reducing the volatile matter and equilibrium moisture content. The mechanical durability of the pellets was lower than that defined by the European, German, and American standards. The torrefaction pre-compaction route with torrefied particles at a temperature of 300 °C was the most efficient for energetic use, compared to the in natura biomass. The latter has negative aspects such as great variation in size (length and diameter) and density besides high moisture content.

  • Researchpp 3452-3470Wasinarom, K., Sungworagarn, S., Sathitruangsak, P., Singmai, W., and Onthong, K. (2023). “Thermal behavior of biomass under thermochemical treatment at different air fluxes in an updraft reactor,” BioResources 18(2), 3452-3470.AbstractArticlePDF

    Thermochemical treatment was investigated experimentally at different air fluxes in an updraft reactor. The test rig was equipped with a special attached door that will open at a specific time step. This unique feature allows investigators to obtain information on the packed bed color variation along the different heights of the reactor that evolves at different points in time. The analysis focused on the temperature dynamics obtained from installed thermocouples with the packed bed color variation at each time step. The investigation was conducted for three different supply air mass fluxes, which were 670, 480, and 190 kg/m2h. The general thermal behavior is addressed in the first part of the paper because it is similar for all different input air mass fluxes. Next, the distinctive operation parameters among different air mass fluxes are discussed; these included the hot spot zone, fuel conversion characteristic, temperature distribution, heat transfer, and kinetic activities along the height of the reactor.

  • Researchpp 3471-3478Cao, Y., Li, X., Liu, L., Xie, G., Lai, M., and Gao, J. (2023). “Increased dimensional stability of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla ‘GLGU9’ wood through palm oil thermal treatment,” BioResources 18(2), 3471-3478.AbstractArticlePDF

    Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla ‘GLGU9’ is one of the most commonly planted tree species in South China. It is a new variety created by Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Forestry Research Institute. As a fast-growing species, the poor dimensional stability is one of its main drawbacks, which restricts its applications. Thermal treatment is one of the effective methods to improve the dimensional stability of wood. GLGU9 wood was treated using thermal modification with palm oil. The oil was used as a heating medium and a shielding material at temperatures of 150, 170, 190, 200, and 210 °C, at various treatment durations of 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 h. To investigate the effect of palm oil thermal treatment on dimensional stability, the anti-shrink efficiency (ASE1) and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE2) were examined. The results indicated that the ASE1 and ASE2 were increased by 62.8% and 56.6% at 210 °C for 6 h treatment, respectively.

  • Researchpp 3479-3495Margavi, M. R. A., Talaeipour, M., Hemmasi, A., Bazyar, B., and Ghasemi, I. (2023). “Fabrication of novel biocomposite made of chemically treated sludge fibers and various molecular weight polypropylene,” BioResources 18(2), 3479-3495.AbstractArticlePDF

    The effect of the chemical treatment of paper mill sludge fibers and polypropylene molecular weight were studied relative to the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of a novel cellulosic biocomposite. Paper mill sludge fibers were treated with acetic anhydride, and succinic anhydride was mixed with maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) and coupling agent (0 and 3%). The ratio of fibers and polymer materials was considered 30 to 70, which was manufactured by the hot-pressing method at 180 °C. Water absorption, volume swelling, and contact angle were examined on each specimen according to ASTM standards, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) explored the efficiency of chemical modification of fibers and the morphology of biocomposites, respectively. The results showed that chemical treatment of fibers reduced the water absorption and volumetric swelling. Both tensile and flexural strength were increased with chemical treatment using the coupling agent. Comparison of fibers treated with succinic acid and acetic acid showed that the succinic acid enhanced the mechanical properties better than the acetic acid treatment. Finally, FTIR analysis showed that the hydroxyl groups decreased, and SEM images indicated the interface between fibers and polypropylene improved via chemical treatment of sludge fibers.

  • Researchpp 3496-3508Tandoğan, M., Özel, H. B., Gözet, F. T., and Şevik, H. (2023). “Determining the taxol contents of yew tree populations in western Black Sea and Marmara regions and analyzing some forest stand characteristics,” BioResources 18(2), 3496-3508.AbstractArticlePDF

    Yew tree (Taxus baccata L.) is mainly populated in Türkiye, Europe, and Caucasia regions. It has natural anticancer compounds and is a source of raw materials used in modern medicine. The present study aimed to examine the taxol contents of yew trees naturally grown in Marmara and Western Black Sea regions by subjecting needle samples taken from 17 yew populations to extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass / mass spectrometer system (LC-MS/MS) analysis. It was also examined whether a relationship exists between some stand characteristics and taxoid contents of the needles. From these analyses, the highest taxol contents were found in Bartın-Gölderesi, Yığılca-Kurtkayası, İnebolu-Karagöl, and Yenice-Kızılkaya populations. The statistical analyses showed that there were significant relationships between compound contents and slope, humus content, total nitrogen content (%), and potassium (K). It is recommended to use these derivatives obtained from natural forests in sapling nursing and tissue culture studies, to produce pharmaceutical materials from leaves and protect and improve the current gene sources.

     

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