NC State
BioResources
  • Researchpp 417-440Mondal, A. K., Qin, C., Ragauskas, A. J., Ni, Y., and Huang, F. (2021). "Effect of using regenerated combined FAU and MOR zeolites as catalysts during the pyrolysis of kraft lignin," BioResources 16(1), 417-440.AbstractArticlePDF

    The SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio, pore size, and acid sites are the key parameters of zeolite’s activity in lignin pyrolysis. In this study, the comparison of individual Y and M zeolites, the combined ‘Y + M’ sample after regeneration, and their effect on lignin pyrolysis were studied in five cycles (regeneration and reuse). The results were explained using Brunauer, Emmet, and Teller (BET), micropore surface area (MSA), and total acid sites (TAS) analyses. In comparison with the individual Y or M zeolite sample, the consistent higher catalytic activities of the combined ‘Y + M’ sample in repeated cycles were observed. Pyrolysis heavy oils were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The NMR analyses revealed that with increased zeolite regeneration cycles, p-hydroxy phenyl and methoxyl groups increased. Decreases in guaiacyl phenolic hydroxyl were less for the combined ‘Y + M’ sample than the individual Y and M zeolites. Lower weight average (Mw) of heavy oil for the combined ‘Y + M’ sample indicated the enhanced cleavage of lignin structures in pyrolysis. These results support the higher catalytic activity of regenerated zeolites for the combined ‘Y + M’ sample compared with individual Y and M zeolites due to the improved MSA and TAS.

  • Researchpp 441-454Peng, R., Yu, H., Du, C., Zhang, J., Hu, A., Li, Q., Hua, Y., Liu, H., and Chu, S. (2021). "Preparation of uniformly dispersed N-isopropylacryl-amide/acrylic acid/nanosilver composite hydrogel and its anti-mold properties," BioResources 16(1), 441-454.AbstractArticlePDF

    To overcome the agglomeration tendency of nanosilver composite hydrogels and to improve their anti-mold properties, a method of preparing N-isopropylacrylamide/acrylic acid/nanosilver composite hydrogel was developed using the free radical polymerization method. The composite hydrogel was characterized via infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in order to explore the effects of the acrylic acid content on particle size and dispersion properties of the composite hydrogels. The elemental composition, microstructure, and anti-mold properties of the bamboo strips treated with the composite hydrogel were also determined. The results showed that the composite hydrogel prepared using the novel method described in this study had good dispersity. Composite hydrogels with the smallest particle size and optimized dispersion were produced when AAc concentration was 0.64 µL/mL. The composite hydrogel effectively filled and covered the bamboo cells after treatment. Moreover, it displayed good anti-mold properties as well as retaining the color of the bamboo.

  • Researchpp 455-469Han, S.-Y., Park, C.-W., Lee, E.-A., Park, J.-S., Kwon, G.-J., Kim, N.-H., and Lee, S.-H. (2021). "Pretreatment of pussy willow and Korean pine using various ionic liquids and their mixtures with organic solvents for enzymatic saccharification," BioResources 16(1), 455-469.AbstractArticlePDF

    Different ionic liquids (ILs) and their mixtures with organic solvents (OSs) were investigated to determine their effects on pretreatment for enzymatic saccharification of pussy willow and Korean pine. Combinations of three ILs, namely (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM]Ac), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br), and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl sulfate ([MMIM]MeSO4)) and three OSs (N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) were used. Acremonium cellulase and Optimash BG were used for enzymatic saccharification. The viscosity of ILs and their mixtures with OSs was reduced by adding and increasing the OS amount in mixtures. The viscosity of [BMIM]Br was considerably decreased by the addition of OSs. For both species, the water-soluble fractions (WSFs) obtained using pure ILs decreased with increasing OS content in mixtures. For all co-solvent systems, the WSFs for pussy willow were twice as large as those for Korean pine. For both species, the yields of glucose and xylose were higher for [EMIM]Ac and its mixtures with OSs than for [BMIM]Br, [MMIM]MeSO4, and their mixtures. However, only small differences between glycan and xylose yields among the products pretreated by [BMIM]Br, [MMIM]MeSO4, and their mixtures were observed. The overall xylose yields for pussy willow were higher than those for Korean pine for all pretreatments because xylan is the main hemicellulose component of hardwood.

  • Researchpp 470-491Wang, Z., She, Z., Peng, M., Yang, Q., and Huang, T. (2021). "Determining the adsorption and desorption properties of flavonoids found in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves using macroporous resin and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor screening," BioResources 16(1), 470-491.AbstractArticlePDF

    The adsorption and desorption properties of 12 resins containing flavonoid compounds found in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves (EUOL) extracts were investigated. The static adsorption and desorption, kinetic, adsorption, and thermodynamic properties of the adsorption of the flavonoids onto macroporous resins were determined. The HPD-300, NKA-9, and AB-8 resins exhibited a greater adsorption capacity and desorption characteristics. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model was suitable to characterize the kinetics of the adsorption of flavonoids onto the resins selected, and the diffusion of flavonoids was divided into three stages, with the boundary layer diffusion and intra-particle diffusion being the rate-controlling factors. The Langmuir model was found to be the best description of the adsorption behavior of flavonoids. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption of flavonoids was a physical, exothermic, and spontaneous process. The 60% ethanol eluted fraction from the NKA-9 resin column not only had the highest flavonoid content, but also possessed the strongest inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase. In addition, the degree of binding of the main flavonoid compounds found in the EUOL to acetylcholinesterase compounds was investigated via molecular docking technology. The results showed that the docking total score of isoquercetin and enzyme proteins were the highest, followed by kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside.

  • Researchpp 492-514Mansour, M. M. A., Salem, M. Z. M., Hassan, R. R. A., Ali, H. M., Al Farraj, D. A., and Elshikh, M. S. (2021). "Antifungal potential of three natural oils and their effects on the thermogravimetric and chromatic behaviors when applied to historical paper and various commercial paper sheets," BioResources 16(1), 492-514.AbstractArticlePDF

    Three natural extracted oils from Citrus reticulata peels, C. aurantifolia leaves, and Linum usitatissimum (linseeds) were used as antifungal agents against the growth of Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium chrysogenum. The following main compounds (determined via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry) were found. The essential oil (EO) from C. aurantiifolia leaves contained limonene (22.96%), geranyl acetal (13.53%), and geraniol acetate (13.33%); the n-hexane oil from C. reticulata peels contained methyl-13-cyclopentyltridecanoate (16.74%), and D-limonene (16.06%); and linseed oil contained linoleic acid (27.36%), and oleic acid (19.01%). The inhibition of fungal growth significantly was reached 100% against A. flavus at all tested C. aurantifolia leaf EO concentrations and at a concentration of 2000 µL/mL for linseeds oil. The growth inhibition reached 100% against P. chrysogenum with C. aurantifolia leaf EO concentrations of 125-2000 µL/mL. Citrus reticulata peel EO had 100% growth inhibition of P. chrysogenum at concentrations of 2000 µL/mL and 1000 µL/mL, while linseeds oil had 100% growth inhibition at 2000 µL/mL. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that C. aurantifolia EO yielded the greatest thermal stability and color change protection to cotton pulp, while linseed oil was found to protect wood pulp-based and historical papers.

  • Researchpp 515-528Koleda, P., Barcík, Š., Korčok, M., Jamberová, Z., and Chayeuski, V. (2021). "Effect of technological parameters on energetic efficiency when planar milling heat-treated oak wood," BioResources 16(1), 515-528.AbstractArticlePDF

    Measuring the energy consumption and evaluating the efficiency of machining processes is necessary for their optimization and for implementation of cleaner production. The final product quality and the machining process of woodworking are of great interest. The properties of thermally modified wood make it more resistant to fungi, moulds, and ligniperdous insects than natural wood, so it is increasingly used in interior and exterior spaces. This study examined the energy demand of the milling of heat-treated oak wood (Quercus petraea) by ThermoWood® technology. The investigated technological parameters were thermal modification temperature (160 °C, 180 °C, 200 °C, and 220 °C), cutting speed (20 m × s-1, 40 m × s-1, and 60 m × s-1), feed rate (6 m × min-1, 10 m × min-1, and 15 m × min-1), and the material of the cutting tool. As the temperature of the thermal modification increased, the cutting power decreased due to a chemical degradation due to heating and reduced wood density. The lowest energy consumption was observed for the milling of wood treated at 220 °C with a cutting speed of 20 m × s-1, and a feed rate of 6 m × min-1.

  • Researchpp 529-545Zhu, L., Ye, J., Lu, W., Zhang, Y., and Jin, Z. (2021). "Improved flame retardancy and thermal stability of P- and N-containing diphenol epoxy resins from lignin oxidation degraded derivatives," BioResources 16(1), 529-545.AbstractArticlePDF

    Diphenols with structures similar to bisphenol A (BPA) were designed and synthesized from three kinds of lignin oxidative depolymerized derivatives (LODD) to investigate the substitution possibility of BPA by LODD as raw material. The chemical shift and integral area of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis results showed that phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing diphenols were successfully formed. The cone calorimeter test and thermogravimetric analysis exhibited that the epoxy resin from diphenols were typical intumescent flame retardancy systems. These results showed drastically improved flame retardancy compared with traditional epoxy resin. Among them, the epoxy resin derived from vanillin presented the best flame retardancy properties. Due to a phosphorus-rich carbon layer being formed and accumulated at the surface of the epoxy resins from diphenols, the thermal degradation showed great enhancement of the char residues.

  • Researchpp 546-557Käppeler, U., Hünniger, J., Hofmann, A., Hamblyn, S., Berlich, A., and Engisch, L. (2021). "Chemical and morphological changes in fibre structure due to material heating during ultrasonic-assisted embossing of cardboard," BioResources 16(1), 546-557.AbstractArticlePDF

    Embossing is a commonly used design element on printed products and packaging. It enhances the product impression with optical and haptic effects. The material deformation during the embossing of cardboard is normally done using high mechanical pressure between two dies. The use of ultrasound in the embossing process leads to a noticeable reduction of the embossing pressure and a greater embossing precision. However, there is a noticeable heating of the cardboard during the ultrasonic-assisted embossing process. This work aimed to characterise the effects of heating and to understand the reasons for the greater precision with decreased force when ultrasound is used. Therefore, the effects of the thermal ultrasonic energy on the chemical composition and the morphological properties of the fibres were investigated. The findings showed that no noticeable changes occurred in the chemical composition or fibre geometry as a result of the embossing process with ultrasound.

  • Researchpp 558-571Pinkowski, G., Szymański, W., Piernik, M., and Krauss, A. (2021). "Medium-density fibreboard milling using selected technological parameters," BioResources 16(1), 558-571.AbstractArticlePDF

    The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of blade type and sharpness angle on blade wear, cutting power, and surface roughness. The study was conducted on medium-density fibreboard (MDF) panels. Two blade types were analyzed (high-speed steel and cemented carbides) along with three variants of sharpness angles (40°, 45°, and 55°). Machining operations were performed on a spindle moulder at a feed rate of 6.3 m/min and rotational speed of 4500 min-1. The blade wear criterion was adopted as the loss of cutter surface area measured on the rake face. Roughness was determined using the Ra parameter, which was measured at three points on the cross-section of the MDF panel. A new, multifaceted approach to the study of cutting a narrow surface of the MDF board was used, thanks to which the interaction of such parameters as blade wear, cutting power, and machining quality as well as the type of material of the knives and their angular parameters were determined. An increase in blade wear and cutting power was recorded with an increase in cutting path, while roughness at the MDF panel cross-section varied. The cemented carbides cutter with the 45° angle may be proposed as optimal, because it showed a relatively low wear and cutting power while providing good quality of the milled surface.

  • Researchpp 572-582Aguda, L. O., Ajayi, B., Bakare, B., Aguda, Y., Olaoye, K., Akala, A., and Adegoke, O. (2021). "Strength and dimensional stability of cement bonded board reinforced with tomato stem particles and coconut husk dust," BioResources 16(1), 572-582.AbstractArticlePDF

    The use of coconut husk sawdust and tomato stem particles at varying blending proportion was examined for the production of particle board. Boards of dimensions 350 mm by 350 mm by 6 mm were produced (coconut husk dust, tomato stem particles) at different blending proportion and addition of additive (CaCl2 at different concentrations). The physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling) and mechanical properties (modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE)) were investigated. Thickness swelling and water absorption were investigated at 24 and 48 hours. The results showed that boards exhibited mean values of 0.50% to 4.16% and 2.12% to 7.00% respectively of thickness swelling at 24 hours and 48 hours respectively and 13.6% to 25.2% and 17.6% to 29.1% of water absorption at 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The boards also exhibited means of 1.00 N/mm2 to 5.25 N/mm2 and 339 N/mm2 to 3430 N/mm2 for MOR and MOE respectively. An increase in the tomato particle content caused increase in water absorption and thickness swelling, resulting in the highest water absorption and thickness swelling values. Tomato stem and coconut husk dust can be used to produce cement bonded boards after pre-treatment with hot water and preferably both sieved.

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