Volume 10 Issue 1

Xylan is known as a strength-enhancing agent for paper. However, it is difficult to adsorb xylan onto cellulose fibers because it carries the same negative charge as fibers. Therefore, either cationization of xylan or addition of cationic polyelectrolyte is required to maximize the effect of xylan use. In this study, cationic polyelectrolyte was used to promote xylan adsorption onto cellulose fiber. The effect of the polyelectrolyte type on the successive adsorption of xylan and its influence on paper properties was examined. The mechanism for improving paper strength by xylan adsorption on polyelectrolyte pre-formed layers was investigated through the viscoelastic properties of the preformed layers on model cellulose films using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D). Both tensile and tear indices of paper were improved with the adsorption of xylan onto pulp fibers. It was suggested that the adsorbed xylan onto the polyelectrolyte preformed layer formed a complex layer that gave rise to a large contact area between xylan and fiber. The increase in the physical strength of paper depended on the structure of the polyelectrolyte-xylan layers. Highly charged cationic polyelectrolytes that form a flat adsorption layer gave a relatively lower increase in physical properties. On the other hand, thicker and more viscous adsorbed layers improved paper strength significantly.

Despite increasing demand for dissolving pulps from raw material, production costs remain quite high compared to regular paper pulp. Research literature to date has focused on improving performance and quality but has not simultaneously explored how to improve yield, which typically falls below 35%. Dissolving pulp from bamboo, as a widely available, high-quality raw material, was investigated with dilute acetic acid pre-hydrolysis before cooking and cold caustic extraction prior to bleaching. It was found that dilute acetic acid in the pre-hydrolysis stage could speed up the degradation of hemicellulose in bamboo and improve the diffusion of the cooking liquor in bamboo fiber compared with hot-water treatment. The dissolving pulp from bamboo was produced with 93% α-cellulose, 90% ISO brightness, 959 mL/g viscosity, 5.23% xylans, and 0.17% ash. The overall yield on the basis of raw material was 37%, which was higher than other documented processes using other agents in pre-hydrolysis.

Homogeneous myristoylation of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was investigated at room temperature in dimethyl sulfoxide/N-methylimidazole (DMSO/NMI) without any additional catalysts. The effects of reaction time and the dosage of myristyl chloride on the extent of myristoylation were studied. The weight percent gain (WPG) of the modified SCB was 10.7 to 133.2%. The role of NMI as solvent, base, and catalyst at room temperature was proposed. FT-IR and solid-state CP/MAS 13C-NMR analyses provided evidence of myristoylation. The reactions of carbohydrate and lignin fractions were both confirmed. Solid-state CP/MAS 13C-NMR also implied the reaction of three hydroxyl groups at C-2, C-3, and C-6 positions in cellulose. The modified SCB could easily absorb oil with the capacity of 1.57 to 3.76 g/g for engine oil and 1.72 to 3.55 g/g for vacuum pump oil. The enhanced oil capacities exhibited similar trends in terms of WPG with increased reaction parameters. This modified SCB can be used as a potential oil absorbent.

The methane potential and influence of the inoculum to substrate ratio of wastewater originating from the production of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were studied. Laboratory experiments were carried out in a continuously stirred batch multi-reactor at mesophilic temperature (37 °C). Inoculum to substrate ratios (ISRs) of 2.0, 1.0, 0.8, and 0.5 based on volatile solids (VS) were evaluated. The results demonstrate the suitability of MCC wastewater at ISRs of 2.0, 1.0, and 0.8 with ultimate methane potentials of 333, 297, and 325 mL CH4 per gram of volatile solids added, respectively, which correspond to anaerobic degradabilities of 91.4, 81.7, and 89.3%, respectively, compared to the theoretical potential. The inoculum to substrate ratio of 2.0 provided a faster methane production rate and a kinetic constant of 0.24 d-1, reaching its ultimate yield at day 8 of incubation. The lowest ISR of 0.5 showed the occurrence of process inhibition due to accumulation of acids. Energy estimation suggests that considering the volume and VS of wastewater produced in a MCC mill, a total energy amount of 44,105 GJ/year can be produced, which can be used to replace 29.4% of the natural gas demand.

Softwood lignin prepared by soda-anthraquinone (AQ) cooking does not have thermal melting characteristics. To improve the properties of softwood soda-AQ lignin, we have invented a new method of lignin modification using dried black liquor powder by a spray dryer system and polyethylene glycol (PEG). In this process, black liquor powder was directly treated with PEG under alkaline conditions to produce PEG-modified lignin (alkaline PEG treatment). Dried black liquor powder prepared by a spray dryer was dissolved into PEG and heated at either 120 or 160 °C at atmospheric pressure. The modified lignin (alkaline PEG-treated lignin) was precipitated with acid and recovered by filtration. The alkaline PEG-treated lignin showed adequate thermal melting characteristics. The treatment temperature and the molecular weights of PEG considerably affected the thermal properties of the alkaline PEG-treated lignin. There was an addition reaction of the PEG to the lignin hydroxyl group at the alpha- (a-) carbon. However, in the acid precipitation step, if the mixture was allowed to set unfiltered for a long time, the PEG bonded with the lignin was hydrolyzed, which yielded the original soda-AQ lignin and PEG polymer.

Cationic waxy corn starch was prepared from waxy corn starch with 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (ETMAC) as a cationic etherifying reagent. Its structure was identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The results showed that quaternary ammonium groups were introduced successfully into the waxy corn starch, and the cationic reaction occurred on the surface of the starch granules. Cationic waxy corn starch was then applied into deinked pulp as a paper reinforcer, and the result was compared with that of cationic tapioca starch and cationic maize starch. In general, the physical strengths of the paper were improved significantly with an increasing dosage of cationic starches. Cationic waxy corn starch was superior in terms of enhancing the physical properties of paper. In addition, with the use of cationic waxy corn starch, anionic trash in the slurry could be better removed.

A natural polymer composite (NPC) was developed from a palm decanter cake (OPDC), and its properties were determined. Oil palm decanter cake natural polymer composite (OPDC-NPC) samples were produced at different ratios of polypropylene (PP) and OPDC before being subjected to flexural, tensile, and water absorption tests. The results showed that by increasing the OPDC content from 5 to 15%, the rigidity as represented by the flexural strength and tensile strength increased from 29 to 43 MPa and 12 to 21 MPa, respectively. However, the flexural modulus decreased from 2230 to 1365 MPa and the water absorption rate increased from 0.16 to 0.44% because of the hydrophilic nature of the OPDC material. The rigidity of OPDC-NPC can thus be improved by increasing the OPDC content from 5 to 15%.

In China, there is an urgent need for an efficient anaerobic digester to sustainably treat rice straw. In this study, a downward plug-flow anaerobic digester (DPAD) was designed in which the total working core is separated into three sections: an upper liquid zone, a lower liquid zone, and a solid-state bed (SSB) in the middle. A solid/liquid separation mechanism was designed to recirculate liquor and the discharged solid residue after complete digestion. The 70-L DPAD was run indoors for 100 d, time in which chopped rice straw (30 to 50 mm in length) was fed every 20 d. The digestion performance and biogas production were analysed to assess the feasibility for practice application. The results showed that the DPAD can control scum formation and offers a methane yield of 162.60 L/kg volatile solids, 21.1% higher than that of the control test. It was also found that straw was continuously and efficiently digested by the DPAD in 3 experimental stages. Methane production rates increased by 76.30%, 57.37%, and 13.33% on the second day compared to the first day, respectively, and then, all decreased as the substrate was gradually exhausted. Based on the results, it is clear that the DPAD is a promising solution for chopped straw digestion.

To understand how electron beam irradiation affects wood physically and chemically, irradiated maple beams (Acer rubrum) and veneers were examined using three-point bend tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and NIR- and FTIR- spectroscopy. The MOR from the bending tests revealed a significant decline in the red maple’s strength after a dose of 80 kGy. DMA results showed evidence of crosslinking of the amorphous content of the wood at low doses, followed by degradation at higher doses, with the change in response occurring around 80 kGy. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that the components of wood that were most impacted were the phenolic hydroxyl structures of lignin and cellulose hydroxyls, with the greatest effects being seen after 80 kGy.

Common beech (Fagus sylvatica) is one of the deciduous tree species characterized by the formation of a discolored red heart in the central part of the stem. The aim of this work was to review data in existing literature and to present original results on the extractives present in sapwood and the red heart of beech. Samples of sapwood and red heart were taken from freshly felled beech trees and extracted with a speed extractor. The content of lipophilic and hydrophilic extractives was determined gravimetrically and further evaluated by gas chromatography. The beech wood contained, on average, 1.04% lipophilic and 3.71% hydrophilic extractives. Even though the gravimetrically determined content of lipophilic extractives was comparable in the sapwood and the red heart, saturated fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and free sterols were dominant in the red heart. Sapwood contained a larger amount of total hydrophilic extractives. Mono- and oligosaccharides, sugar acids and alcohols, carboxylic acids, simple phenols, and flavonoids were identified as the prevailing hydrophilic solubles in sapwood, whereas the concentration of sugar alcohols was higher in the red heart. The composition and character of the extractives in the wood of red-hearted beech should be considered the relevant technological factor.